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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It addresses questions such as What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable action. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that one should adhere to their principles regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with each with one another. It is typically thought of as a part of language however, it differs from semantics in that pragmatics examines what the user is trying to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a field of research the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It is primarily an academic discipline within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields, such as psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its development and growth. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has focused on a wide range of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension and production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in pragmatics research. However, their position is dependent on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors by their number of publications alone. It is possible to identify influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini,  무료슬롯 프라그마틱 - [https://weheardit.stream/story.php?title=30-inspirational-quotes-on-pragmatic-site https://weheardit.stream/story.php?title=30-inspirational-quotes-on-pragmatic-site] - for example, has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts such as conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Grice, Saul, [https://btpars.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=3911948 프라그마틱 데모] 슬롯 체험 [[http://bbs.01pc.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=1431805 bbs.01pc.Cn]] and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is focused on the users and contexts of language use instead of focusing on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on the ways that an phrase can be understood as meaning different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies used by listeners to determine which phrases have a message. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction is widely recognized, it's not always clear where the lines should be drawn. Some philosophers argue that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, whereas others insist that this particular problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered a branch of linguistics or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a field in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered a distinct part of the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology semantics and so on. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics is part of the philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways in which our concepts of the meaning and use of language influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a handful of issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. For example, some scholars have suggested that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to any facts regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that the study should be considered a field in its own right, since it examines the manner the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in the sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in more in depth. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. Both are important pragmatic processes in the sense that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of a statement.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It focuses on how humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the intention of communication of the speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is focused on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Some practical approaches have been put with other disciplines, like cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also differing views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different subjects. He argues semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said, whereas far-side is focused on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already determined by semantics while the rest is defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same phrase can have different meanings in different contexts, based on factors such as ambiguity and indexicality. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as listener expectations can also change the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is because different cultures have different rules for what is acceptable to say in various situations. For instance, it is acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this area. There are a variety of areas of research, including formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross pragmatics of language, as well as pragmatics in the clinical and  [https://www.google.com.co/url?q=https://www.demilked.com/author/firtank39/ 프라그마틱 무료체험] experimental sense.<br><br>How is free Pragmatics similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through the use of language in a context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure that is used in the utterance and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other linguistics areas, such as syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times, the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research, which addresses aspects like lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language and meaning.<br><br>One of the major issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to develop a rigorous, systematic account of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics isn't well-defined and that they're the same thing.<br><br>The debate between these positions is usually an ongoing debate, with scholars arguing that certain events are a part of either pragmatics or semantics. For example, some scholars argue that if an utterance has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, whereas others argue that the fact that an expression could be interpreted in different ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of the many possible interpretations and that they are all valid. This is commonly referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to integrate semantic and far side approaches. It tries to capture the full range of interpretational possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by demonstrating the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For [http://yxhsm.net/home.php?mod=space&uid=281160 프라그마틱 슬롯무료] example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted interpretations of an utterance that contains the universal FCI Any. This is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so strong compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It addresses issues such as: What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable action. It contrasts with idealism which is the idea that one should adhere to their principles regardless of what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines the way that language users interact and communicate with one and with each other. It is often thought of as a part or language, but it is different from semantics in that it focuses on what the user is trying to convey and not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic discipline within linguistics, but it also has an impact on research in other fields like speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are many different methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it affects the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that pragmatics researchers have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a wide variety of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the significance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on the database used. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, yet their ranking varies by database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors according to their publications only. It is possible to determine influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul,  [http://shenasname.ir/ask/user/karatebell7 프라그마틱 사이트] and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and  [https://atomcraft.ru/user/sneezestorm0/ 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬] language users rather than with truth grammar, reference, or. It focuses on the ways in which one expression can be understood to mean various things depending on the context and also those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on methods that listeners employ to determine if utterances are intended to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and long-established one There is much debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. For example, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics along with phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be considered part of the philosophy of language since it focuses on the ways that our beliefs about the meaning and uses of language influence our theories about how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are central to the study of pragmatics. For example, some scholars have suggested that pragmatics isn't a subject in and of itself since it examines the ways people interpret and use language, without using any data regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Others, however,  [https://www.google.co.cr/url?q=https://mcmillan-bradford.mdwrite.net/the-top-pragmatic-free-slots-experts-are-doing-3-things 프라그마틱 불법] have argued that the subject should be considered a field in its own right since it examines the ways in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature of utterances as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in the sentence. These are the issues addressed in greater detail in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It examines the way human language is used during social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of the speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is focused on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Some pragmatics theories have been combined with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with the content of what is said, while far-side is focused on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany the words spoken are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' is defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same phrase can have different meanings in different contexts, based on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is because each culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations. For example, it is acceptable in certain cultures to look at each other while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being conducted in the field. The main areas of research include computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by language use in context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation,  프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프 ([https://www.google.pn/url?q=https://hendrix-peck-2.technetbloggers.de/what-pragmatic-experts-want-you-to-learn www.Google.pn]) with less attention paid to the grammatical aspects of the speech than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions such as computational linguistics conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a variety of research in these areas, which address issues like the importance of lexical elements as well as the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>One of the major issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop a rigorous, systematic account of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that pragmatics and semantics are really the identical.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to debate back and forth between these two positions and  라이브 카지노 ([https://bysee3.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=4653982 Https://Bysee3.Com]) argue that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. For [http://www.0471tc.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=1993298 프라그마틱 정품] instance certain scholars argue that if an utterance has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative approach. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of many possible interpretations and that all interpretations are valid. This is commonly called far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far side approaches. It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified interpretations of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.

Latest revision as of 03:59, 25 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It addresses issues such as: What do people mean by the terms they use?

It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable action. It contrasts with idealism which is the idea that one should adhere to their principles regardless of what.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics examines the way that language users interact and communicate with one and with each other. It is often thought of as a part or language, but it is different from semantics in that it focuses on what the user is trying to convey and not what the meaning is.

As a field of research, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic discipline within linguistics, but it also has an impact on research in other fields like speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.

There are many different methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it affects the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that pragmatics researchers have researched.

The research in pragmatics has covered a wide variety of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the significance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on the database used. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, yet their ranking varies by database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors according to their publications only. It is possible to determine influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, 프라그마틱 사이트 and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬 language users rather than with truth grammar, reference, or. It focuses on the ways in which one expression can be understood to mean various things depending on the context and also those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on methods that listeners employ to determine if utterances are intended to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and long-established one There is much debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. For example, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.

Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics along with phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be considered part of the philosophy of language since it focuses on the ways that our beliefs about the meaning and uses of language influence our theories about how languages work.

The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are central to the study of pragmatics. For example, some scholars have suggested that pragmatics isn't a subject in and of itself since it examines the ways people interpret and use language, without using any data regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, 프라그마틱 불법 have argued that the subject should be considered a field in its own right since it examines the ways in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.

The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature of utterances as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in the sentence. These are the issues addressed in greater detail in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the overall meaning an utterance.

How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It examines the way human language is used during social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.

Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of the speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is focused on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Some pragmatics theories have been combined with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.

There are also a variety of views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.

Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with the content of what is said, while far-side is focused on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany the words spoken are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' is defined by the processes of inference.

The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same phrase can have different meanings in different contexts, based on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is because each culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations. For example, it is acceptable in certain cultures to look at each other while it is rude in other cultures.

There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being conducted in the field. The main areas of research include computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by language use in context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프 (www.Google.pn) with less attention paid to the grammatical aspects of the speech than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.

In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions such as computational linguistics conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a variety of research in these areas, which address issues like the importance of lexical elements as well as the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of meaning itself.

One of the major issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop a rigorous, systematic account of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that pragmatics and semantics are really the identical.

It is not uncommon for scholars to debate back and forth between these two positions and 라이브 카지노 (Https://Bysee3.Com) argue that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. For 프라그마틱 정품 instance certain scholars argue that if an utterance has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative approach. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of many possible interpretations and that all interpretations are valid. This is commonly called far-side pragmatics.

Recent work in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far side approaches. It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified interpretations of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.