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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between language and context. It addresses questions such as What do people actually mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a way of thinking that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you should always stick by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users find meaning from and [https://www.hulkshare.com/kayakphone14/ 프라그마틱 정품인증] each with each other. It is typically thought of as a part of the language however, it differs from semantics in that pragmatics looks at what the user wants to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study, pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been growing rapidly over the last few decades. It is a language academic field but it has also influenced research in other areas like sociolinguistics,  [https://maps.google.com.lb/url?q=https://atkinson-reynolds-2.technetbloggers.de/responsible-for-an-pragmatic-free-slots-budget-10-wonderful-ways-to-spend-your-money 프라그마틱 홈페이지] psychology and anthropology.<br><br>There are a myriad of ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the development and [https://intern.ee.aeust.edu.tw/home.php?mod=space&uid=567277 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] growth of this field. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. The lexical and concept approaches to pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the topic. These views have contributed to the wide range of subjects that pragmatics researchers have studied.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a broad range of subjects, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database utilized. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in pragmatics research. However, their rank is dependent on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the top pragmatics authors according to the quantity of their publications. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users rather than with truth, reference, or grammar. It examines how a single phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also examines the methods that listeners employ to determine if utterances are intended to be communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and  [https://maps.google.gg/url?q=https://connell-lauesen-4.technetbloggers.de/the-step-by-step-guide-to-choosing-your-pragmatic 프라그마틱 무료스핀] semantics is a well-known, long-established one, there is a lot of debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. For example, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered to be a linguistics branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics, along with phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language because it deals with the ways that our ideas about the meaning and use of language affect our theories of how languages function.<br><br>There are a few major issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have fuelled much of this debate. Some scholars have argued for instance that pragmatics isn't a discipline in and of itself since it examines how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this research ought to be considered an academic discipline because it studies how social and cultural factors influence the meaning and use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by a speaker in a given sentence. These are issues that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It evaluates how human language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, many theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics focus on the intention of communication of speakers. Relevance Theory for instance is focused on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret utterances. Some approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of views regarding the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, like Morris believes that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He argues semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical implications of saying something. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' are determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions,  [https://mensvault.men/story.php?title=15-startling-facts-about-pragmatic-slots-return-rate-that-youve-never-heard-of 프라그마틱 데모] and expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is appropriate to say in various situations. In some cultures, it's polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and lots of research is being conducted in the field. There are a myriad of areas of study, including computational and formal pragmatics, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and clinical and experimentative pragmatics.<br><br>How does free Pragmatics compare to explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by language use in context. It evaluates the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to interpretation, with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics has a link to other areas of the study of linguistics like semantics and syntax or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in several different directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a variety of research that addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interplay between discourse, language, and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the most important issues is whether it is possible to give a precise and systematic explanation of the interplay between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that pragmatics and semantics are actually the identical.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to argue back and forth between these two perspectives and argue that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars say that if a statement carries a literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others believe that the fact that a statement could be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different stance in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one among many ways that the word can be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is often called far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to integrate semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the full scope of the interpretive possibilities for an utterance by describing how a speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of an utterance that contains the universal FCI Any,  [https://www.metooo.co.uk/u/66eb29ca9854826d1674d08c 프라그마틱 무료체험] and that is why the exclusiveness implicature is so robust in comparison to other possible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and context. It addresses issues like what do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable action. It's in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you should always stick to your convictions.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users gain meaning from and each other. It is typically thought of as a component of language, although it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics looks at what the user wants to convey, not what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a field of study it is comparatively new and research in the area has grown rapidly over the past few decades. It is a linguistics academic field however, it has also had an impact on research in other fields such as psychology, sociolinguistics and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a myriad of methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and their interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has focused on a broad range of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding, request production by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed diverse methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database utilized. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in the field of pragmatics research. However,  [https://bookmarklogin.com/story18185298/what-not-to-do-when-it-comes-to-the-pragmatic-slot-recommendations-industry 프라그마틱 무료게임] their ranking differs based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors according to the number of their publications. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also highly influential authors of the field of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users as opposed to the study of truth grammar, reference, or. It studies the ways in which one expression can be understood to mean different things in different contexts and  [https://socialwebleads.com/story3427902/how-to-identify-the-pragmatic-return-rate-right-for-you 프라그마틱 무료] also those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies that hearers use to determine whether phrases are intended to be a communication. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely recognized, it's not always clear where they should be drawn. For instance philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have argued that this type of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a field in its own right and [https://socialwebconsult.com/story3399441/ten-things-your-competitors-help-you-learn-about-pragmatic-game 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트] that it should be considered distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics and so on. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be considered an aspect of philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways that our concepts of the meanings and functions of language affect our theories of how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a number of key issues that are central to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some scholars have suggested that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it examines the ways people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that the study should be considered a field in its own right since it examines the way in which the meaning and usage of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in the sentence. These are the issues more thoroughly discussed in the papers written by Recanati and [https://e-bookmarks.com/story3587515/5-pragmatic-lessons-from-the-pros 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트] Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial pragmatic processes in the sense that they aid in shaping the meaning of a statement.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Some approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also differing opinions on the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He argues that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects they could or might not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and [https://pragmatic22086.blazingblog.com/29872748/live-casino-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly 프라그마틱 체험] Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They argue that semantics determines the logical implications of an utterance, while other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that a single word can have different meanings based on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. This is because each culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in different situations. In some cultures, it's acceptable to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. There are many different areas of research, such as pragmatics that are computational and formal as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics, intercultural and cross pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated through language in context. It analyzes the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs influence interpretation, focusing less on the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of study of linguistics like semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics expanded in many directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. There is a variety of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics like the importance of lexical elements as well as the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatism one of the most important questions is whether it's possible to give a precise and systematic analysis of the interface between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have claimed that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined, and that they are the identical.<br><br>The debate between these two positions is often an ongoing debate and scholars arguing that particular events fall under the umbrella of semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars say that if a statement carries an actual truth conditional meaning,  [https://pragmatickr-com75419.blogadvize.com/36660293/what-is-pragmatic-free-slots-and-how-to-utilize-it 프라그마틱 정품확인방법] it is semantics. Others believe that the possibility that a statement may be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which the expression can be understood and that all interpretations are valid. This method is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and distant side approaches. It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified parses of an utterance containing the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusivity implicature so strong when compared to other plausible implicatures.

Latest revision as of 22:36, 25 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and context. It addresses issues like what do people mean by the terms they use?

It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable action. It's in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you should always stick to your convictions.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users gain meaning from and each other. It is typically thought of as a component of language, although it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics looks at what the user wants to convey, not what the meaning actually is.

As a field of study it is comparatively new and research in the area has grown rapidly over the past few decades. It is a linguistics academic field however, it has also had an impact on research in other fields such as psychology, sociolinguistics and Anthropology.

There are a myriad of methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and their interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.

Research in pragmatics has focused on a broad range of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding, request production by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed diverse methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database utilized. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in the field of pragmatics research. However, 프라그마틱 무료게임 their ranking differs based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors according to the number of their publications. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also highly influential authors of the field of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users as opposed to the study of truth grammar, reference, or. It studies the ways in which one expression can be understood to mean different things in different contexts and 프라그마틱 무료 also those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies that hearers use to determine whether phrases are intended to be a communication. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely recognized, it's not always clear where they should be drawn. For instance philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have argued that this type of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic problem.

Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a field in its own right and 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트 that it should be considered distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics and so on. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be considered an aspect of philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways that our concepts of the meanings and functions of language affect our theories of how languages work.

This debate has been fueled by a number of key issues that are central to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some scholars have suggested that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it examines the ways people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that the study should be considered a field in its own right since it examines the way in which the meaning and usage of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.

The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in the sentence. These are the issues more thoroughly discussed in the papers written by Recanati and 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트 Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial pragmatic processes in the sense that they aid in shaping the meaning of a statement.

What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics.

Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Some approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.

There are also differing opinions on the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He argues that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects they could or might not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and 프라그마틱 체험 Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They argue that semantics determines the logical implications of an utterance, while other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that a single word can have different meanings based on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a phrase.

A second aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. This is because each culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in different situations. In some cultures, it's acceptable to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. There are many different areas of research, such as pragmatics that are computational and formal as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics, intercultural and cross pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.

What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated through language in context. It analyzes the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs influence interpretation, focusing less on the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of study of linguistics like semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.

In recent years, the field of pragmatics expanded in many directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. There is a variety of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics like the importance of lexical elements as well as the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of the concept of meaning.

In the philosophical debate about pragmatism one of the most important questions is whether it's possible to give a precise and systematic analysis of the interface between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have claimed that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined, and that they are the identical.

The debate between these two positions is often an ongoing debate and scholars arguing that particular events fall under the umbrella of semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars say that if a statement carries an actual truth conditional meaning, 프라그마틱 정품확인방법 it is semantics. Others believe that the possibility that a statement may be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which the expression can be understood and that all interpretations are valid. This method is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.

Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and distant side approaches. It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified parses of an utterance containing the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusivity implicature so strong when compared to other plausible implicatures.