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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the connection between language and context. It deals with questions such as What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable actions. It contrasts with idealism which is the idea that one should adhere to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways in which language users gain meaning from and each one another. It is typically thought of as a part of the language however it differs from semantics in that pragmatics studies what the user intends to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a field of research the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic field of study within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields like speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are a myriad of ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this field. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, that focuses on the concept of intention and how it relates to the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics are also perspectives on the subject. These views have contributed to the variety of subjects that pragmatics researchers have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has been focused on a variety of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension as well as production of requests by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to social and cultural phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used a wide range of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on the database used. The US and UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, [https://bookmarking.stream/story.php?title=7-small-changes-that-will-make-an-enormous-difference-to-your-free-pragmatic 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천] their rank is dependent on the database. This is due to pragmatics being an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors by the number of publications they have published. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of the field of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language than it is with truth grammar, reference, or. It focuses on how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on the methods that listeners employ to determine whether phrases are intended to be a communication. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear where they should be drawn. For instance philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics. Others have argued that this kind of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as an linguistics-related branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered distinct from the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology semantics and more. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy because it deals with the way in which our beliefs about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories about how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have argued for instance that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it examines how people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to facts about what actually was said. This sort of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this research should be considered an independent discipline because it studies the ways that cultural and 프라그마틱 무료게임 ([https://lovebookmark.win/story.php?title=an-pragmatic-slots-experience-success-story-youll-never-be-able-to https://lovebookmark.win/story.php?title=an-pragmatic-slots-experience-success-story-youll-never-be-able-to]) social influences influence the meaning and use language. This is called near-side pragmatism.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in a sentence. These are topics that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes that help shape the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of language. It examines how language is used in social interactions, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of utterances by hearers. Some pragmatics theories have been merged with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of views on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, like Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He argues semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical consequences of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in an utterance is already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single utterance may have different meanings depending on the context, such as indexicality or ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an expression include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. This is because different cultures have their own rules about what is acceptable to say in different situations. In some cultures, it's polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the most important areas of research include formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How does free Pragmatics compare to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of an speech and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics like syntax and semantics or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in several different directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a broad range of research, which focuses on aspects like lexical features and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical discussion of pragmatism one of the main questions is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic analysis of the relationship between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have claimed that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is ill-defined and that pragmatics and  [https://yourbookmark.stream/story.php?title=how-much-do-pragmatic-free-trial-experts-make-7 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율] 홈페이지 ([https://www.google.co.zm/url?q=https://www.metooo.co.uk/u/66ec3c319854826d167668f3 read review]) semantics are really the same thing.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to go back and forth between these two perspectives and argue that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars argue that if a statement is interpreted with a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others argue that the possibility that a statement may be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different approach, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one among many ways in which the word can be interpreted, and that all interpretations are valid. This is commonly referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far-side approaches in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by describing how a speaker's intentions and beliefs influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of a speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any, and this is why the exclusiveness implicature is so robust in comparison to other possible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must always abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the way that language users communicate and interact with each other. It is often thought of as a part or language, but it is different from semantics because pragmatics concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area the field of pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has grown rapidly over the past few decades. It has been mostly an academic area of study within linguistics, but it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are many different approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and  [https://explorebookmarks.com/story18043046/need-inspiration-try-looking-up-pragmatic-genuine 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트] 슬롯 추천 ([https://bookmarkspecial.com/story18239859/10-facts-about-pragmatic-free-that-will-instantly-put-you-in-a-good-mood bookmarkspecial.com]) lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has been focused on a wide range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension, request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used a wide range of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on which database is used. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in pragmatics research. However, their ranking differs based on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors based on the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice,  [https://pragmatickr-com64208.educationalimpactblog.com/52126990/what-is-pragmatic-free-game-history-of-pragmatic-free-game 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users as opposed to the study of truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that hearers use to determine if utterances are intended to be communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear where they should be drawn. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics,  [https://one-bookmark.com/story18031564/24-hours-to-improve-how-to-check-the-authenticity-of-pragmatic 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] 슬롯 하는법 ([https://geniusbookmarks.com/story18085291/where-do-you-think-pragmatic-korea-be-1-year-from-right-now Geniusbookmarks.Com]) whereas others insist that this particular problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a subset of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and that it should be treated as a distinct part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics and so on. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy since it focuses on how our notions of the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories of how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a few key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have argued, for example, that pragmatics isn't a discipline by itself because it studies how people perceive and use language without necessarily referring to facts about what actually was said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the study is a discipline in its own right, since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatism.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by an individual speaker in a sentence. These are topics that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions the concept of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that help shape the meaning of utterances.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It examines the way humans use language in social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are different opinions on the borderline between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He argues semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics is focused on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical consequences of saying something. They believe that semantics already determines certain aspects of the meaning of a statement, whereas other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as expectations of the listener.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is because different cultures have different rules for what is acceptable to say in different situations. For instance, [https://loanbookmark.com/story18178992/twenty-myths-about-pragmatic-image-busted 프라그마틱 데모] it's polite in some cultures to make eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of research are formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the language in a context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on grammaral characteristics of the expression instead of what is being said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics like semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in a variety of directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics like the importance of lexical elements, the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the most important issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that they are the same.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to go between these two views and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars argue that if a statement is interpreted with a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others believe that the fact that a statement can be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which the word can be interpreted and that all of these ways are valid. This is sometimes called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.

Latest revision as of 15:09, 27 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?

It's a philosophy that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must always abide to your beliefs.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on the way that language users communicate and interact with each other. It is often thought of as a part or language, but it is different from semantics because pragmatics concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not on what the actual meaning is.

As a research area the field of pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has grown rapidly over the past few decades. It has been mostly an academic area of study within linguistics, but it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.

There are many different approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트 슬롯 추천 (bookmarkspecial.com) lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have investigated.

The research in pragmatics has been focused on a wide range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension, request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used a wide range of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on which database is used. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in pragmatics research. However, their ranking differs based on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors based on the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험 Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users as opposed to the study of truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that hearers use to determine if utterances are intended to be communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear where they should be drawn. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험 슬롯 하는법 (Geniusbookmarks.Com) whereas others insist that this particular problem should be treated as pragmatic.

Another debate is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a subset of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and that it should be treated as a distinct part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics and so on. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy since it focuses on how our notions of the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories of how languages function.

This debate has been fueled by a few key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have argued, for example, that pragmatics isn't a discipline by itself because it studies how people perceive and use language without necessarily referring to facts about what actually was said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the study is a discipline in its own right, since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatism.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by an individual speaker in a sentence. These are topics that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions the concept of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that help shape the meaning of utterances.

How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It examines the way humans use language in social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.

Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.

There are different opinions on the borderline between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He argues semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics is focused on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical consequences of saying something. They believe that semantics already determines certain aspects of the meaning of a statement, whereas other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.

The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as expectations of the listener.

A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is because different cultures have different rules for what is acceptable to say in different situations. For instance, 프라그마틱 데모 it's polite in some cultures to make eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of research are formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the language in a context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on grammaral characteristics of the expression instead of what is being said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics like semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in a variety of directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics like the importance of lexical elements, the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.

One of the most important issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that they are the same.

It is not unusual for scholars to go between these two views and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars argue that if a statement is interpreted with a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others believe that the fact that a statement can be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which the word can be interpreted and that all of these ways are valid. This is sometimes called "far-side pragmatics".

Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.