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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and context. It deals with questions like: What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable action. It is in contrast to idealism, the belief that you should always stick to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak find meaning from and each one another. It is often viewed as a part or language, but it is different from semantics since it is focused on what the user wants to convey, not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area, pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been growing rapidly over the last few decades. It is primarily an academic area of study within linguistics, however it also influences research in other fields like speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. The lexical and concept perspectives on pragmatics are also views on the topic. These views have contributed to the diversity of topics that pragmatics researchers have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a vast range topics, such as L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the significance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on the database utilized. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, however their ranking varies by database. This is because pragmatics is a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to classify the top authors in pragmatics based on their publications only. It is possible to determine influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini for instance, has contributed to pragmatics through concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language rather than with truth grammar, reference, or. It examines the ways in which one phrase can be understood as meaning different things from different contexts, including those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies used by listeners to determine whether words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction is widely recognized, it's not always clear how they should be drawn. Some philosophers argue that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, whereas others argue that this kind of problem should be considered pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and that it should be considered a distinct part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics and so on. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy because it examines how our notions of the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a handful of questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have suggested, for example, that pragmatics isn't a subject by itself because it studies how people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to the facts about what actually was said. This kind of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study is a discipline in its own right since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in the sentence. These are topics that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. Both are important pragmatic processes in the sense that they shape the overall meaning of an expression.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of language. It examines how language is used in social interactions, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Relevance Theory, for example, focuses on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Some approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, such as cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also different views about the line between pragmatics and [https://pragmatic-korea78999.elbloglibre.com/29789720/7-small-changes-you-can-make-that-ll-make-an-enormous-difference-to-your-pragmatic-free-game 프라그마틱 공식홈페이지] semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics. He asserts semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects they could or might not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on what is said, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in an utterance is already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on factors like ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an expression include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as the expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this area. Some of the most important areas of research are computational and formal pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; as well as pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by the language in a context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to interpretation, with less attention paid to the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of study of linguistics like syntax and semantics, or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times,  [https://seolistlinks.com/story19387058/it-s-time-to-extend-your-pragmatic-options 프라그마틱 정품확인방법] [https://hyperbookmarks.com/story18090054/this-is-the-intermediate-guide-on-pragmatic-image 프라그마틱 슬롯 조작][https://socialevity.com/story19845293/what-is-the-reason-adding-a-key-word-to-your-life-s-routine-will-make-the-different 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프] ([https://bookmarkbirth.com/story18047548/15-best-pragmatic-genuine-bloggers-you-must-follow Https://Bookmarkbirth.com/]) the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. There is a variety of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics like the importance of lexical elements, the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical discussion of pragmatism one of the main issues is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic account of the interplay between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not well-defined and that they're the same thing.<br><br>The debate between these positions is often a tussle and scholars arguing that particular instances are a part of either semantics or pragmatics. For  [https://pragmatickr-com33333.blogars.com/ 프라그마틱 정품확인] example certain scholars argue that if an utterance has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, while others believe that the fact that a statement could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different stance and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one among many ways in which an expression can be understood and that all interpretations are valid. This approach is often known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to capture the full range of interpretational possibilities that can be derived from a speaker's words, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of an utterance containing the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusivity implicature so strong when compared to other plausible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must always abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the way that language users communicate and interact with each other. It is often thought of as a part or language, but it is different from semantics because pragmatics concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area the field of pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has grown rapidly over the past few decades. It has been mostly an academic area of study within linguistics, but it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are many different approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and  [https://explorebookmarks.com/story18043046/need-inspiration-try-looking-up-pragmatic-genuine 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트] 슬롯 추천 ([https://bookmarkspecial.com/story18239859/10-facts-about-pragmatic-free-that-will-instantly-put-you-in-a-good-mood bookmarkspecial.com]) lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has been focused on a wide range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension, request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used a wide range of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on which database is used. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in pragmatics research. However, their ranking differs based on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors based on the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice,  [https://pragmatickr-com64208.educationalimpactblog.com/52126990/what-is-pragmatic-free-game-history-of-pragmatic-free-game 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users as opposed to the study of truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that hearers use to determine if utterances are intended to be communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear where they should be drawn. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics,  [https://one-bookmark.com/story18031564/24-hours-to-improve-how-to-check-the-authenticity-of-pragmatic 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] 슬롯 하는법 ([https://geniusbookmarks.com/story18085291/where-do-you-think-pragmatic-korea-be-1-year-from-right-now Geniusbookmarks.Com]) whereas others insist that this particular problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a subset of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and that it should be treated as a distinct part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics and so on. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy since it focuses on how our notions of the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories of how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a few key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have argued, for example, that pragmatics isn't a discipline by itself because it studies how people perceive and use language without necessarily referring to facts about what actually was said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the study is a discipline in its own right, since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatism.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by an individual speaker in a sentence. These are topics that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions the concept of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that help shape the meaning of utterances.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It examines the way humans use language in social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are different opinions on the borderline between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He argues semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics is focused on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical consequences of saying something. They believe that semantics already determines certain aspects of the meaning of a statement, whereas other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as expectations of the listener.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is because different cultures have different rules for what is acceptable to say in different situations. For instance,  [https://loanbookmark.com/story18178992/twenty-myths-about-pragmatic-image-busted 프라그마틱 데모] it's polite in some cultures to make eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of research are formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the language in a context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on grammaral characteristics of the expression instead of what is being said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics like semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in a variety of directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics like the importance of lexical elements, the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the most important issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that they are the same.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to go between these two views and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars argue that if a statement is interpreted with a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others believe that the fact that a statement can be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which the word can be interpreted and that all of these ways are valid. This is sometimes called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.

Latest revision as of 15:09, 27 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?

It's a philosophy that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must always abide to your beliefs.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on the way that language users communicate and interact with each other. It is often thought of as a part or language, but it is different from semantics because pragmatics concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not on what the actual meaning is.

As a research area the field of pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has grown rapidly over the past few decades. It has been mostly an academic area of study within linguistics, but it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.

There are many different approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트 슬롯 추천 (bookmarkspecial.com) lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have investigated.

The research in pragmatics has been focused on a wide range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension, request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used a wide range of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on which database is used. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in pragmatics research. However, their ranking differs based on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors based on the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험 Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users as opposed to the study of truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that hearers use to determine if utterances are intended to be communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear where they should be drawn. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험 슬롯 하는법 (Geniusbookmarks.Com) whereas others insist that this particular problem should be treated as pragmatic.

Another debate is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a subset of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and that it should be treated as a distinct part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics and so on. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy since it focuses on how our notions of the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories of how languages function.

This debate has been fueled by a few key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have argued, for example, that pragmatics isn't a discipline by itself because it studies how people perceive and use language without necessarily referring to facts about what actually was said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the study is a discipline in its own right, since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatism.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by an individual speaker in a sentence. These are topics that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions the concept of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that help shape the meaning of utterances.

How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It examines the way humans use language in social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.

Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.

There are different opinions on the borderline between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He argues semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics is focused on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical consequences of saying something. They believe that semantics already determines certain aspects of the meaning of a statement, whereas other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.

The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as expectations of the listener.

A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is because different cultures have different rules for what is acceptable to say in different situations. For instance, 프라그마틱 데모 it's polite in some cultures to make eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of research are formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the language in a context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on grammaral characteristics of the expression instead of what is being said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics like semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in a variety of directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics like the importance of lexical elements, the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.

One of the most important issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that they are the same.

It is not unusual for scholars to go between these two views and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars argue that if a statement is interpreted with a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others believe that the fact that a statement can be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which the word can be interpreted and that all of these ways are valid. This is sometimes called "far-side pragmatics".

Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.