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Assessment For ADHD in Adults<br><br>There are numerous tests you can use, whether you're a professional, or a patient with an interest in adult ADHD. Some of the most well-known tests include the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), the Conner's Test, and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). All of them are available online and are easy to administer.<br><br>Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS)<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale, an instrument for self-reporting ADHD symptoms is a tool that allows you to assess your symptoms. It has been suggested as a sensitive method for ADHD diagnosis. Although the scale was designed to be used by children, the findings suggest that it could be a valuable tool for adults with ADHD.<br><br>There have been a variety of studies that have examined the psychometric properties. McCann, BS, conducted a study to test the validity of discrimination of the WURS. The internal consistency of the three-factor solution was acceptable. The solution contained items that described an inattention deficit, defiant behavior and social problems. Another factor had a higher alpha value.<br><br>Similar studies were conducted using the WURS in Italian. Results revealed that there is a correlation between the total score of the WURS and the likelihood of a diagnosis of mental health issues.<br><br>Researchers also identified the most important factors affecting school performance and emotional dysregulation. The academic factor was related to one of these factors, the disruptive behavior and mood factor.<br><br>Another important factors is age. Participants who scored higher than 30 on the WURS were more likely to be diagnosed with an ADHD diagnosis.<br><br>Another interesting result was the WURS's measurement of emotional lability which was a predictor for adult ADHD. Emotional dysregulation is crucial to understanding how ADHD develops in adults.<br><br>Numerous studies have proven that patients suffering from BP and BPD score higher on the WURS. Adults with GAD/MDD score lower on the WURS. However this isn't the case. The results showed that females had higher scores on the WURS than males.<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) has an excellent screening and diagnostic accuracy. This makes it an effective tool for assessing the possibility of ADHD in adults.<br><br>Adult [https://www.metooo.es/u/671f69eeae4fff10006d53a7 psychiatry-uk adhd assessment] Self-Report Scale (ASRS)<br><br>The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale is a validated screening tool for adults suffering from ADHD. It is simple to use and offers accurate results.<br><br>The ASRS can assist doctors to determine if further evaluation is needed. This is especially useful in primary care settings that are busy.<br><br>The Adult ADHD [https://heavenarticle.com/author/blademexico2-1238805/ self assessment adhd test]-Report Scale was developed in collaboration with the World Health Organisation. It's not designed to be a diagnostic tool rather, it's intended to provide an easy way for adult health care providers to assess the likelihood that an individual suffers from ADHD.<br><br>The ASRS can be used to verify adult ADHD in people who are seeking disability benefits. It can also give estimates of the frequency of ADHD in the community.<br><br>A Workgroup on Adult ADHD was formed to create the ASRS. To gauge ADHD symptoms' frequency in the last six months, a survey with 18 questions was developed.<br><br>ASRS-V1.1 is a highly effective screening tool for adults suffering from ADHD in primary care. It is a fast and simple questionnaire that can be completed in less than five minutes. It is more sensitive than other screening tests and has moderate precision.<br><br>One study has found that it could accurately identify about seventy percent of adults who suffer from ADHD. However, it's not a complete measure. It only includes six items that have the highest potential for predicting ADHD. Despite its limitations, the ASRS-V1.1 remains a powerful screening tool for assessing the risk of ADHD in adult primary care populations.<br><br>ASRS-V1.1 requires only a few seconds to complete and won't hinder productivity in the office. Additionally, it provides an easy, quick and efficient way to [https://bbs.pku.edu.cn/v2/jump-to.php?url=https://telegra.ph/How-To-Make-An-Amazing-Instagram-Video-About-How-To-Get-An-ADHD-Assessment-UK-10-28 get adhd assessment] [https://kuhn-kelly-4.technetbloggers.de/10-life-lessons-we-can-learn-from-adhd-assessments-near-me/ get an adhd assessment] official diagnosis.<br><br>Conner's Test<br><br>Conner's Test for assessing ADHD in adults is one of the most well-known self-report measures to diagnose the condition. It is a reliable and efficient tool for assessing behavior. However the results of the test might not always be accurate. It is suggested that you perform the test only under the supervision of a doctor.<br><br>A psychologist or a licensed mental health professional can assist you to diagnose the disorder. They will discuss the results with you and provide a treatment plan. To monitor the progress of your treatment, you may seek the help of a therapist or counselor. If the symptoms do not go away the doctor may decide to prescribe other medication.<br><br>Other testing tools can also be suggested by a doctor. They include physical exams as well as attention tests and behavior assessments. Conners 4 is a good option for a thorough assessment. It provides a detailed analysis of the symptoms of ADHD and the co-occurring disorders.<br><br>Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scale - Self Report Long Version is a well-known self report measure. This test is comprised of eight scales for clinical use that measure the specific ADHD symptoms. They include impulse control, hyperactivity, and impulse control.<br><br>The long version has more subscales than the shorter version, but only 25 questions are offered in the shorter version. Both versions were developed to measure ADHD-related behavior children.<br><br>The Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale [http://gdchuanxin.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=4402451 self assessment adhd test]-Report Long Version has demonstrated high discriminant validity in an investigation. This indicates that it is a good tool to differentiate ADHD patients from healthy control subjects. While at the same time the number of false positives is very high.<br><br>Given these limitations It is still acceptable to use the Conner's Test for assessment of ADHD. It is recommended to discuss the results with your doctor and therapist to avoid confusion.<br><br>Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)<br><br>The Personality Assessment Inventory is a psychopathological assessment instrument for children, adolescents, and adults. The scales and subscales of the instrument are derived from 11 clinical measures. This test can be used to determine disorders in three broad categories: the areas of impulse control, personality and psychopathology.<br><br>The PAI has been validated against several of the most widely used tests of personality and psychopathology. It has also been translated into Spanish to help clients who speak Spanish.<br><br>The PAI-A has been validated against the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form and the NEO-FFI. Additionally, it has been used to diagnose Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in adults.<br><br>Studies in the past have identified the psychometric characteristics of several indicators for response distortion in the Personality Assessment Inventory. This study examined both distortion indicators both positive and negative in the PAI.<br><br>Six PAI subscales were identified with stepwise regression. These subscales revealed significant differences between ADHD clients and non-ADHD clients. MANOVA was used to further assess the impact of ADHD on these subscales.<br><br>The PAI has been used to assess feigned ADHD in children and adults. Previous research has demonstrated concurrent validity with other measures of ADHD. There is not enough information to discern the difference between genuine ADHD and fake ADHD.<br><br>Furthermore, there is little information about the environmental impact on the relationship between borderline traits and ADHD symptoms. This study aimed to fill the gap in knowledge by studying the role of environmental factors in determining the relationship between book adhd assessment uk, [https://www.google.com.ag/url?q=https://historydb.date/wiki/The_Benefits_Of_ADHD_Assessments_Near_Me_At_The_Very_Least_Once_In_Your_Lifetime click here for more], and borderline traits. With a sample of 7,233 twins study examined the relationship between borderline traits and ADHD symptoms.<br><br>A number of new validity indicators were created for the Personality Assessment Inventory. They are developed from logistic regression and have proved to be extremely sensitive and specific.<br><br>Results<br><br>Adults suffering from ADHD have issues with concentration and time management. They tend to leave projects unfinished and complain of poor performance at work. Some have stated that they received stimulant treatment in the past.<br><br>A thorough assessment of adults suffering from ADHD could include a clinical interview, a neuropsychological examination as well as laboratory tests. These tests are able to provide information about a individual's current symptoms but they're not reliable indicators of future impairment. Furthermore, a lot of these measures are not standardized and therefore subject to bias.<br><br>A family history is required to assess ADHD adults. A qualified clinician could gather a full history of psychiatric complications and an addiction history. Physical examination and mental status examination are other common elements of the evaluation.<br><br>A patient's history of symptoms provides the basis to determine if they suffer from adult ADHD. The history should include a thorough review of current symptoms aswell an review of the patient's medical and familial history.<br><br>The goal of the clinical examination is to determine if there is an impairment. The impairment index of the CPT provides a measure of sensitivity. It is calculated using the Full Scale Attention Quotient and the Full Scale Respond Control.<br><br>ADHD is defined by hyperactivity and inattention scores of 6 or more on the CPT. Likewise, a Qb-Score of 1.5 is recommended as the minimum threshold for the diagnosis of ADHD in healthy populations.<br><br>The results of the study suggested that malingerers are over-compensating for their skills deficits. They also scored lower on visual tasks and auditory tasks, leading to lower mean scores for visuals. They were not able to pass the Auditory Prudence and Visual Focus tests.
Assessment For ADHD in Adults<br><br>Whether you're a medical professional or simply someone who wants to learn more about adult ADHD, there are several tests you can use. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, Conner's Test, or the Personality Assessment Inventory are some of the most well-known. The tests are all available online and simple to administer.<br><br>Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS)<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale is a self-report measure of ADHD symptoms. It has been recommended as an accurate measure to aid in ADHD identification. The scale is designed for children, but the results suggest that it can be used by adults who suffer from ADHD as well.<br><br>There are numerous studies that have examined the psychometric properties of this assessment. McCann, BS conducted a study to determine the validity of discrimination for the WURS. The internal consistency of the three-factor solution was acceptable. This solution was based on items that describe the inattention, defiance, and social problems. Another factor was discovered to have an alpha coefficient that was higher.<br><br>A similar study was conducted with an Italian version of the WURS. The results showed that there was a correlation between the total score of the WURS and the possibility that a mental disorder would be diagnosed.<br><br>Researchers also identified the most important factors that influence school performance and emotional dysregulation. One of these variables, the disruptive mood and behavior, is correlated with the academic factor.<br><br>Age is a different factor. Participants with a WURS score of greater than 30 were more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD.<br><br>Another interesting finding was that the emotional lability test performed by the WURS was a determinant of adult ADHD. Understanding ADHD in adults is possible through studying the emotional dysregulation.<br><br>Several studies have shown that patients suffering from BP and BPD score higher on the WURS. Adults who suffer from GAD/MDD have lower scores on the WURS. However, this is not true. It is interesting to note that females had an improved score on the WURS than males.<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale, (WURS), has high diagnostic and screening accuracy. This makes it an effective tool to assess the potential of ADHD in adults.<br><br>Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS)<br><br>The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale is a validated screening tool for adults with ADHD. It's easy to administer , and offers accurate results.<br><br>The ASRS can assist doctors to determine whether further testing is required. This is especially useful in primary care settings that are busy.<br><br>The Adult [https://git.openprivacy.ca/vinylpyjama9 adhd assessment for women] Self-Report Scale was developed in collaboration with the World Health Organisation. It is not intended to be a diagnostic tool but rather to provide an easy way [https://futtrup-schwarz-2.blogbright.net/15-tips-your-boss-wished-you-knew-about-diva-adhd-assessment/ getting assessed for adhd] health professionals working with adults to determine whether an individual is suffering from ADHD.<br><br>The ASRS can be used to determine adult ADHD when evaluating applicants for disability benefits. It can also be used to estimate the prevalence of ADHD within the community.<br><br>To create the ASRS to develop the ASRS, a Workgroup on Adult ADHD was established. To measure ADHD symptoms' frequency over the past six months, a survey with 18 questions was developed.<br><br>ASRS-V1.1 is an assessment tool that can be used to screen patients with ADHD in primary healthcare. It's a brief and easy questionnaire that can be completed in just five minutes or less. When compared to other screening tests, this one has moderate specificity and high sensitivity.<br><br>One study demonstrated that it can accurately detect around seventy percent of adults suffering from ADHD. It's not a complete test. It only covers six items that have the most likelihood of being predictive for ADHD. Despite its shortcomings, the ASRS-V1.1 is still a useful screening tool for assessing the likelihood of ADHD in adult primary care populations.<br><br>ASRS-V1.1 is simple and quick to use. It won't slow down productivity in offices. Additionally, it offers an easy, quick and efficient method to obtain an official diagnosis.<br><br>Conner's Test<br><br>Conner's Test to assess ADHD in adults is one of the most popular self-report measures for diagnosing the condition. It is a reliable and highly effective behavioral assessment tool. However, the results of the test may not always be precise. Therefore, it is recommended to use the test under the supervision of a medical professional.<br><br>A psychologist or a licensed mental health professional can assist you to identify the problem. They will discuss the results with your and suggest a treatment plan. To monitor the development of your treatment you may seek the help of a therapist or counselor. If symptoms persist, your doctor may recommend that you take another medication.<br><br>A doctor may also suggest the use of other test tools. They include physical examinations, attention skill tests, and behavior assessments. For a thorough evaluation, Conners 4 is a excellent choice. It provides a thorough analysis of the symptoms of [https://maps.google.com.lb/url?q=https://click4r.com/posts/g/18242480/10-adhd-assessment-kent-tricks-all-experts-recommend adhd assessment for women] and co-occurring disorders.<br><br>The Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Self Report Long Version is a well-known self-report instrument. The test is comprised of eight scales used to measure the severity of ADHD symptoms. These include impulsivity, hyperactivity, and the ability to control impulses.<br><br>The longer version includes more subscales than the short version, but only 25 questions are offered in the shorter version. Both versions were designed to analyze the behavior of a child with ADHD.<br><br>The Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale Self-Report Long Version demonstrated high discriminant validity in a study. This suggests that it can be used to distinguish ADHD patients from healthy control subjects. At the same time the number of false positives is high.<br><br>Given these limitations However, it is safe to use the Conner's Test for assessment of ADHD. It is recommended to discuss the results with your therapist and doctor to avoid confusion.<br><br>Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)<br><br>The Personality Assessment Inventory is a psychopathological assessment tool for children, adolescents, and adults. It is derived from 11 clinical measures. This test can be used to diagnose disorders that fall into three broad categories, which include personality, impulse control, and psychopathology.<br><br>The PAI has been validated against a variety of the most popular psychopathology and personality tests. It has also been translated into Spanish to help clients who speak Spanish.<br><br>The PAI-A has been validated against the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form and the NEO-FFI. Additionally, it has been used to diagnose Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in adults.<br><br>The past research has revealed the psychometric properties of several measures of response distortion in the Personality Assessment Inventory. This study looked at both distortion indicators, both positive and negative, in the PAI.<br><br>Six PAI subscales were identified with stepwise regression. The subscales were significantly different between ADHD and non-ADHD clients. These subscales were further analyzed using MANOVA.<br><br>The PAI can be used to assess feigned ADHD in both children and adults. The previous research has shown good co-validity with other measures of [https://www.google.com.pk/url?q=https://vega-lillelund-3.technetbloggers.de/who-is-responsible-for-the-adhd-assessment-budget-12-top-notch-ways-to-spend-your-money Gp Adhd Assessment]. There isn't enough data to tell the difference between genuine ADHD and fake ADHD.<br><br>Lack of knowledge about the environmental factors that impact the connection between ADHD symptoms and borderline traits is another reason. This study aimed to fill in this gap by examining the role of environmental factors in the relation between ADHD and borderline characteristics. This study examined the association between ADHD symptoms and borderline traits using 7233 twins.<br><br>For the Personality Assessment Inventory, several new validity indicators have been developed. They are taken from logistic regression and showed excellent sensitivity and specificity.<br><br>Results<br><br>Adults suffering from ADHD have issues with concentration and time management. They also complain of poor performance at work and tend to make their work incomplete. Some have stated that they've been treated with stimulants in the past.<br><br>A clinical interview, a neuropsychological examination, laboratory tests and a laboratory test can all be part of an assessment for adults with ADHD. These tests are able to provide information about a individual's current symptoms but they are not reliable predictors of the future severity. Moreover, many of these measures are unstandardized and therefore subject to bias.<br><br>A family history can be required for an evaluation of ADHD adults. A skilled clinician can gather a full history of psychiatric comorbidities as well as a history of substance abuse. Other elements of the examination are a physical exam and a mental status examination.<br><br>A patient's history of symptoms is the foundation for diagnosing adult ADHD. This history should include an examination of current symptoms and a clinical evaluation of the patient's medical history and family history.<br><br>The goal of the assessment in the clinic should be to determine an impairment. The CPT impairment index provides an indication of sensitivity. It is calculated using the Full Scale Attention Quotient and the Full Scale Respond Control.<br><br>Inattention and hyperactivity scores of 6 or more on the CPT are considered to be an indication of ADHD. In addition, a Qb-Score greater than 1.5 is recommended as the minimum threshold for a diagnosis of ADHD in healthy populations.<br><br>The study showed that malingerers over compensate for their skill weaknesses. They also scored lower on visual tasks and auditory tasks, leading to lower mean scores on visual tasks. They were unable to fool the Auditory Prudence and Visual Focus tests.

Latest revision as of 01:05, 29 December 2024

Assessment For ADHD in Adults

Whether you're a medical professional or simply someone who wants to learn more about adult ADHD, there are several tests you can use. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, Conner's Test, or the Personality Assessment Inventory are some of the most well-known. The tests are all available online and simple to administer.

Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS)

The Wender Utah Rating Scale is a self-report measure of ADHD symptoms. It has been recommended as an accurate measure to aid in ADHD identification. The scale is designed for children, but the results suggest that it can be used by adults who suffer from ADHD as well.

There are numerous studies that have examined the psychometric properties of this assessment. McCann, BS conducted a study to determine the validity of discrimination for the WURS. The internal consistency of the three-factor solution was acceptable. This solution was based on items that describe the inattention, defiance, and social problems. Another factor was discovered to have an alpha coefficient that was higher.

A similar study was conducted with an Italian version of the WURS. The results showed that there was a correlation between the total score of the WURS and the possibility that a mental disorder would be diagnosed.

Researchers also identified the most important factors that influence school performance and emotional dysregulation. One of these variables, the disruptive mood and behavior, is correlated with the academic factor.

Age is a different factor. Participants with a WURS score of greater than 30 were more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD.

Another interesting finding was that the emotional lability test performed by the WURS was a determinant of adult ADHD. Understanding ADHD in adults is possible through studying the emotional dysregulation.

Several studies have shown that patients suffering from BP and BPD score higher on the WURS. Adults who suffer from GAD/MDD have lower scores on the WURS. However, this is not true. It is interesting to note that females had an improved score on the WURS than males.

The Wender Utah Rating Scale, (WURS), has high diagnostic and screening accuracy. This makes it an effective tool to assess the potential of ADHD in adults.

Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS)

The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale is a validated screening tool for adults with ADHD. It's easy to administer , and offers accurate results.

The ASRS can assist doctors to determine whether further testing is required. This is especially useful in primary care settings that are busy.

The Adult adhd assessment for women Self-Report Scale was developed in collaboration with the World Health Organisation. It is not intended to be a diagnostic tool but rather to provide an easy way getting assessed for adhd health professionals working with adults to determine whether an individual is suffering from ADHD.

The ASRS can be used to determine adult ADHD when evaluating applicants for disability benefits. It can also be used to estimate the prevalence of ADHD within the community.

To create the ASRS to develop the ASRS, a Workgroup on Adult ADHD was established. To measure ADHD symptoms' frequency over the past six months, a survey with 18 questions was developed.

ASRS-V1.1 is an assessment tool that can be used to screen patients with ADHD in primary healthcare. It's a brief and easy questionnaire that can be completed in just five minutes or less. When compared to other screening tests, this one has moderate specificity and high sensitivity.

One study demonstrated that it can accurately detect around seventy percent of adults suffering from ADHD. It's not a complete test. It only covers six items that have the most likelihood of being predictive for ADHD. Despite its shortcomings, the ASRS-V1.1 is still a useful screening tool for assessing the likelihood of ADHD in adult primary care populations.

ASRS-V1.1 is simple and quick to use. It won't slow down productivity in offices. Additionally, it offers an easy, quick and efficient method to obtain an official diagnosis.

Conner's Test

Conner's Test to assess ADHD in adults is one of the most popular self-report measures for diagnosing the condition. It is a reliable and highly effective behavioral assessment tool. However, the results of the test may not always be precise. Therefore, it is recommended to use the test under the supervision of a medical professional.

A psychologist or a licensed mental health professional can assist you to identify the problem. They will discuss the results with your and suggest a treatment plan. To monitor the development of your treatment you may seek the help of a therapist or counselor. If symptoms persist, your doctor may recommend that you take another medication.

A doctor may also suggest the use of other test tools. They include physical examinations, attention skill tests, and behavior assessments. For a thorough evaluation, Conners 4 is a excellent choice. It provides a thorough analysis of the symptoms of adhd assessment for women and co-occurring disorders.

The Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Self Report Long Version is a well-known self-report instrument. The test is comprised of eight scales used to measure the severity of ADHD symptoms. These include impulsivity, hyperactivity, and the ability to control impulses.

The longer version includes more subscales than the short version, but only 25 questions are offered in the shorter version. Both versions were designed to analyze the behavior of a child with ADHD.

The Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale Self-Report Long Version demonstrated high discriminant validity in a study. This suggests that it can be used to distinguish ADHD patients from healthy control subjects. At the same time the number of false positives is high.

Given these limitations However, it is safe to use the Conner's Test for assessment of ADHD. It is recommended to discuss the results with your therapist and doctor to avoid confusion.

Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)

The Personality Assessment Inventory is a psychopathological assessment tool for children, adolescents, and adults. It is derived from 11 clinical measures. This test can be used to diagnose disorders that fall into three broad categories, which include personality, impulse control, and psychopathology.

The PAI has been validated against a variety of the most popular psychopathology and personality tests. It has also been translated into Spanish to help clients who speak Spanish.

The PAI-A has been validated against the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form and the NEO-FFI. Additionally, it has been used to diagnose Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in adults.

The past research has revealed the psychometric properties of several measures of response distortion in the Personality Assessment Inventory. This study looked at both distortion indicators, both positive and negative, in the PAI.

Six PAI subscales were identified with stepwise regression. The subscales were significantly different between ADHD and non-ADHD clients. These subscales were further analyzed using MANOVA.

The PAI can be used to assess feigned ADHD in both children and adults. The previous research has shown good co-validity with other measures of Gp Adhd Assessment. There isn't enough data to tell the difference between genuine ADHD and fake ADHD.

Lack of knowledge about the environmental factors that impact the connection between ADHD symptoms and borderline traits is another reason. This study aimed to fill in this gap by examining the role of environmental factors in the relation between ADHD and borderline characteristics. This study examined the association between ADHD symptoms and borderline traits using 7233 twins.

For the Personality Assessment Inventory, several new validity indicators have been developed. They are taken from logistic regression and showed excellent sensitivity and specificity.

Results

Adults suffering from ADHD have issues with concentration and time management. They also complain of poor performance at work and tend to make their work incomplete. Some have stated that they've been treated with stimulants in the past.

A clinical interview, a neuropsychological examination, laboratory tests and a laboratory test can all be part of an assessment for adults with ADHD. These tests are able to provide information about a individual's current symptoms but they are not reliable predictors of the future severity. Moreover, many of these measures are unstandardized and therefore subject to bias.

A family history can be required for an evaluation of ADHD adults. A skilled clinician can gather a full history of psychiatric comorbidities as well as a history of substance abuse. Other elements of the examination are a physical exam and a mental status examination.

A patient's history of symptoms is the foundation for diagnosing adult ADHD. This history should include an examination of current symptoms and a clinical evaluation of the patient's medical history and family history.

The goal of the assessment in the clinic should be to determine an impairment. The CPT impairment index provides an indication of sensitivity. It is calculated using the Full Scale Attention Quotient and the Full Scale Respond Control.

Inattention and hyperactivity scores of 6 or more on the CPT are considered to be an indication of ADHD. In addition, a Qb-Score greater than 1.5 is recommended as the minimum threshold for a diagnosis of ADHD in healthy populations.

The study showed that malingerers over compensate for their skill weaknesses. They also scored lower on visual tasks and auditory tasks, leading to lower mean scores on visual tasks. They were unable to fool the Auditory Prudence and Visual Focus tests.