mNo edit summary
mNo edit summary
 
(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It deals with questions such as: What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that one should adhere to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how people who speak a language communicate and interact with each other. It is often thought of as a component of language, but it is different from semantics since it is focused on what the user wants to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area, pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly in the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic area of study within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its development and growth. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's understanding. The lexical and concept approaches to pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that pragmatics researchers have researched.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has been focused on a wide range of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding, request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It is also applied to various social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language,  [http://www.bitspower.com/support/user/oxygenrabbi12 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율] ([https://www.google.ps/url?q=https://writeablog.net/farmbush54/14-smart-strategies-to-spend-left-over-pragmatic-slot-recommendations-budget click through the following web page]) and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used a wide range of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics varies according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, but their positions differ based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top authors of pragmatics according to the number of publications they have. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics includes pioneering concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics concentrates on the users and contexts of language usage rather than focusing on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on how one utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine whether words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known, long-established one however, there is a lot of controversy regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. For instance some philosophers have claimed that the notion of a sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have argued that this kind of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered to be a linguistics branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics along with phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics should be considered part of the philosophy of language because it examines the ways that our concepts of the meaning and use of language affect our theories about how languages function.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a few key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some scholars have suggested that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language without necessarily using any data about what actually gets said. This type of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study should be considered a discipline in its own right, [https://nerdgaming.science/wiki/5_Lessons_You_Can_Learn_From_Pragmatic_Genuine 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] since it examines the ways in which the meaning and [https://marvelvsdc.faith/wiki/The_Most_Significant_Issue_With_Pragmatic_Authenticity_Verification_And_What_You_Can_Do_To_Fix_It 프라그마틱 정품 사이트] usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in a sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more depth. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of an expression.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of a language. It examines the way humans use language in social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of a speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory, focus on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Certain approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also different views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, like Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of words to objects which they may or not denote, while pragmatics deals with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on the words spoken, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical implications of saying something. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' in an utterance is already determined by semantics while the rest is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. For instance, it is polite in some cultures to look at each other while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this area. There are a variety of areas of research, such as computational and formal pragmatics, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross pragmatics of language, as well as pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by the language in a context. It evaluates the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs affect the interpretation, focusing less on grammaral characteristics of the expression rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics has a link to other areas of study of linguistics such as syntax and semantics, or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in several different directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research that addresses topics such as lexical features and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>One of the major issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to have a rigorous, systematic account of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined and that they're the same thing.<br><br>The debate between these two positions is usually a back and forth affair and scholars arguing that certain events are a part of semantics or pragmatics. For instance certain scholars argue that if a statement has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, whereas other argue that the fact that an utterance can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different view in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one among many ways that the expression can be understood, and that all of these ways are valid. This method is often referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and distant side approaches. It attempts to represent the entire range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by illustrating how the speaker's beliefs as well as intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework,  [https://shorl.com/kumagogebribi 무료슬롯 프라그마틱] with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified interpretations of an utterance containing the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It addresses questions like what do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and sensible action. It's in opposition to idealism, the belief that you must abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways that people who speak find meaning from and each other. It is often thought of as a component of language, but it differs from semantics in that it concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has grown quickly in the past few decades. It is a language academic field, but it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and [https://telegra.ph/The-Ultimate-Glossary-Of-Terms-About-Pragmatic-Game-12-16 프라그마틱 사이트] the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different views on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics that focuses on the concept of intention and how it affects the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. The lexical and concept approaches to pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has focused on a broad range of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension, production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the top authors in pragmatics solely according to the number of their publications. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the contexts and users of language use rather than focusing on reference grammar, truth, or. It focuses on the ways in which one expression can be understood as meaning various things depending on the context, including those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear where the lines should be drawn. For instance, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics, while others have argued that this type of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent field and should be considered a part of linguistics alongside phonology. syntax, semantics, [https://moparwiki.win/wiki/Post:The_Top_Reasons_Why_People_Succeed_With_The_Pragmatickr_Industry 프라그마틱 이미지] 추천 ([https://cameradb.review/wiki/15_Top_Live_Casino_Bloggers_You_Should_Follow visit the following post]) etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy because it deals with how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories of how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a few key issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have suggested for instance, that pragmatics isn't a discipline by itself because it studies how people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to facts about what was actually said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this study ought to be considered an academic discipline because it examines how social and [https://imoodle.win/wiki/Dont_Believe_These_Trends_Concerning_Free_Slot_Pragmatic 프라그마틱 불법] cultural factors influence the meaning and use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we think about the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being spoken by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are topics that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial pragmatic processes in the sense that they shape the overall meaning of a statement.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It examines the way human language is used during social interaction and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Certain pragmatic approaches have been incorporated together with other disciplines like philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He says that semantics deal with the relation of words to objects which they may or may not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the usage of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in an expression are already determined by semantics while the rest is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same phrase can mean different things in different contexts, based on things like indexicality and ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an expression are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. This is because each culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in various situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and lots of research is being conducted in the field. Some of the main areas of research include: formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; and clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How is free Pragmatics similar to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through the use of language in a context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, with less attention paid to grammaral characteristics of the expression rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics such as semantics, syntax and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics has evolved in a variety of directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which addresses aspects like lexical features and [https://king-wifi.win/wiki/Heres_A_Little_Known_Fact_About_Pragmatic_Recommendations 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프] the interaction between discourse, language and meaning.<br><br>One of the most important issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to provide a rigorous, systematic account of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that pragmatics and semantics are actually the identical.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to go back and forth between these two perspectives and argue that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars say that if a statement carries the literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement can be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different view, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one among many ways in which an expression can be understood and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to integrate semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretational possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that the listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified interpretations of an utterance containing the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.

Latest revision as of 12:30, 25 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It addresses questions like what do people mean by the terms they use?

It's a philosophy that is based on practical and sensible action. It's in opposition to idealism, the belief that you must abide to your beliefs.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the ways that people who speak find meaning from and each other. It is often thought of as a component of language, but it differs from semantics in that it concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not what the actual meaning is.

As a research field, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has grown quickly in the past few decades. It is a language academic field, but it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and 프라그마틱 사이트 the field of anthropology.

There are many different views on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics that focuses on the concept of intention and how it affects the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. The lexical and concept approaches to pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.

The study of pragmatics has focused on a broad range of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension, production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.

The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.

It is therefore hard to classify the top authors in pragmatics solely according to the number of their publications. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on the contexts and users of language use rather than focusing on reference grammar, truth, or. It focuses on the ways in which one expression can be understood as meaning various things depending on the context, including those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear where the lines should be drawn. For instance, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics, while others have argued that this type of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic problem.

Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent field and should be considered a part of linguistics alongside phonology. syntax, semantics, 프라그마틱 이미지 추천 (visit the following post) etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy because it deals with how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories of how languages function.

This debate has been fueled by a few key issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have suggested for instance, that pragmatics isn't a discipline by itself because it studies how people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to facts about what was actually said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this study ought to be considered an academic discipline because it examines how social and 프라그마틱 불법 cultural factors influence the meaning and use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we think about the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being spoken by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are topics that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial pragmatic processes in the sense that they shape the overall meaning of a statement.

What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics examines how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It examines the way human language is used during social interaction and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics.

Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Certain pragmatic approaches have been incorporated together with other disciplines like philosophy or cognitive science.

There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He says that semantics deal with the relation of words to objects which they may or may not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the usage of words in a context.

Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in an expression are already determined by semantics while the rest is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same phrase can mean different things in different contexts, based on things like indexicality and ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an expression are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.

A second aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. This is because each culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in various situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.

There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and lots of research is being conducted in the field. Some of the main areas of research include: formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; and clinical and experimental pragmatics.

How is free Pragmatics similar to explanation Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through the use of language in a context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, with less attention paid to grammaral characteristics of the expression rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics such as semantics, syntax and philosophy of language.

In recent times the field of pragmatics has evolved in a variety of directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which addresses aspects like lexical features and 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프 the interaction between discourse, language and meaning.

One of the most important issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to provide a rigorous, systematic account of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that pragmatics and semantics are actually the identical.

It is not uncommon for scholars to go back and forth between these two perspectives and argue that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars say that if a statement carries the literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement can be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different view, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one among many ways in which an expression can be understood and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.

Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to integrate semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretational possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that the listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified interpretations of an utterance containing the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.