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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must abide by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how people who speak a language interact and communicate with one other. It is often viewed as a part of a language, but it is different from semantics since it is focused on what the user is trying to communicate, not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study it is comparatively new and research in the area has been growing rapidly in the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic field of study within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and anthropology.<br><br>There are many different methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notion of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a vast range topics, such as pragmatic comprehension in L2 and [https://bookmarkspedia.com/story3551667/watch-out-what-pragmatic-slots-experience-is-taking-over-and-what-can-we-do-about-it 무료 프라그마틱] 불법; [https://allkindsofsocial.com/story3343046/how-pragmatic-experience-changed-my-life-for-the-better Allkindsofsocial.Com], demand production by EFL students, as well as the significance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It can also be applied to cultural and social phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on the database used. The US and the UK are two of the top producers in the field of pragmatics research. However, their rank differs based on the database. This is because pragmatics is an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top authors of pragmatics by their number of publications alone. However it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini for instance, has contributed to pragmatics through concepts such as politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language usage rather than focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It focuses on how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and  [https://geniusbookmarks.com/story18087173/ask-me-anything-10-responses-to-your-questions-about-live-casino 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프] ([https://loanbookmark.com/story18155711/the-10-most-scariest-things-about-pragmatic-free-slot-buff https://loanbookmark.com/story18155711/the-10-most-scariest-things-about-pragmatic-free-slot-buff]) indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine if utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction is widely known, it isn't always clear where the lines should be drawn. For example some philosophers have claimed that the notion of a sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be considered as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a field in its own right and should be considered a distinct part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics, etc. Others, however, have argued that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language because it examines the ways in which our beliefs about the meaning and use of language affect our theories of how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a few key issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have suggested for instance, that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it examines how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring to actual facts about what was said. This type of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this study ought to be considered a discipline of its own since it studies how social and cultural influences influence the meaning and usage of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we think about the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by an individual speaker in a sentence. These are the issues discussed a bit more extensively in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It examines the way humans use language in social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of a speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is focused on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Certain pragmatic approaches have been combined together with other disciplines such as cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are different opinions on the borderline between pragmatics and semantics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of words to objects that they could or not denote, while pragmatics deals with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already determined by semantics, while the rest is defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can mean different things in different contexts, based on things like ambiguity and indexicality. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and listener expectations can also change the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is due to different cultures having different rules for what is acceptable to say in different situations. For instance, it is polite in some cultures to make eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this area. There are a variety of areas of study, including formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by language use in context. It evaluates the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs affect the interpretation, with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics like syntax and semantics, or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. There is a wide range of research that is conducted in these areas, which address issues like the importance of lexical features and the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the major questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to have an accurate, systematic understanding of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that pragmatics and semantics are actually the identical.<br><br>The debate between these positions is usually a back and forth affair and scholars arguing that particular events are a part of semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars say that if a statement is interpreted with an actual truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement could be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of the many possible interpretations, and that all of them are valid. This approach is sometimes described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has tried to integrate both approaches trying to understand the full scope of the interpretive possibilities for an utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified parses of a speech that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so reliable when contrasted to other possible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics examines the connection between language and context. It deals with questions such as What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophies of practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that one should stick to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways that people who speak find meaning from and each other. It is typically thought of as a part of the language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics looks at what the user intends to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area it is comparatively new, and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It is a language academic field, but it has also had an impact on research in other fields like sociolinguistics, psychology and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a myriad of methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this field. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have studied.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of topics,  [https://images.google.com.pa/url?q=https://squareblogs.net/guideart8/what-can-a-weekly-pragmatic-slots-free-project-can-change-your-life 프라그마틱 무료] [https://www.google.dm/url?q=https://johns-mackay-2.blogbright.net/why-we-love-pragmatic-play-and-you-should-also 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] ([https://www.pinterest.com/sunlock5/ Www.pinterest.Com]) including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It is also applied to various social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used various methods that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on which database is utilized. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, yet their rankings differ by database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the top authors in pragmatics solely by the number of publications they have published. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini for instance, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts such as politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It examines the ways in which an phrase can be understood as meaning different things in different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine which utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one however, there is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. For instance, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have claimed that this sort of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics, along with the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy since it examines how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages function.<br><br>There are a few major issues in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of much of this debate. For example, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in its own right because it examines the ways people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to any facts about what actually gets said. This type of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this study should be considered an academic discipline because it studies the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and  [https://www.google.co.ck/url?q=https://murdock-dalrymple-2.federatedjournals.com/20-fun-infographics-about-pragmatic-slots 프라그마틱 정품인증] use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature of utterances as well as the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in a sentence. These are topics that are addressed in greater detail in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes that help shape the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It examines the way humans use language in social interaction as well as the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is focused on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines like philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two distinct topics. He claims semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics concerns the content of what is said, while far-side focuses on the logic implications of a statement. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' in the words spoken are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that the same phrase can mean different things in different contexts, depending on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Discourse structure, speaker beliefs and intentions, as well expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. It is because every culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations. In certain cultures, it's acceptable to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is conducted in this field. Some of the most important areas of study are: formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by language in context. It evaluates the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs affect the interpretation, and focuses less on grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics has a link to other areas of the study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics has developed in various directions such as computational linguistics conversational pragmatics, and [https://www.google.com.pe/url?q=https://squareblogs.net/paintpoland32/11-strategies-to-refresh-your-pragmatic-authenticity-verification 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] theoretical pragmatics. There is a broad range of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the significance of lexical elements, the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatics, one of the major questions is whether it's possible to provide a thorough and systematic analysis of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that pragmatics and  [https://articlescad.com/seven-explanations-on-why-pragmatic-recommendations-is-so-important-76957.html 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] semantics are actually the same thing.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to debate between these two perspectives, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For instance some scholars believe that if an utterance has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, whereas others believe that the fact that an utterance could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative approach. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of the many possible interpretations, and that all of them are valid. This approach is often referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and far side methods. It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of an utterance containing the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so reliable when in comparison to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 20:36, 25 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics examines the connection between language and context. It deals with questions such as What do people mean by the terms they use?

It's a philosophies of practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that one should stick to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the ways that people who speak find meaning from and each other. It is typically thought of as a part of the language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics looks at what the user intends to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.

As a research area it is comparatively new, and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It is a language academic field, but it has also had an impact on research in other fields like sociolinguistics, psychology and Anthropology.

There are a myriad of methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this field. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have studied.

Research in pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of topics, 프라그마틱 무료 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험 (Www.pinterest.Com) including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It is also applied to various social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used various methods that range from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on which database is utilized. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, yet their rankings differ by database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.

It is therefore hard to classify the top authors in pragmatics solely by the number of publications they have published. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini for instance, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts such as politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It examines the ways in which an phrase can be understood as meaning different things in different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine which utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one however, there is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. For instance, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have claimed that this sort of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.

Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics, along with the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy since it examines how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages function.

There are a few major issues in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of much of this debate. For example, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in its own right because it examines the ways people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to any facts about what actually gets said. This type of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this study should be considered an academic discipline because it studies the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and 프라그마틱 정품인증 use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature of utterances as well as the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in a sentence. These are topics that are addressed in greater detail in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes that help shape the overall meaning an utterance.

How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics examines the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It examines the way humans use language in social interaction as well as the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.

Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is focused on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines like philosophy or cognitive science.

There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two distinct topics. He claims semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics concerns the content of what is said, while far-side focuses on the logic implications of a statement. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' in the words spoken are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that the same phrase can mean different things in different contexts, depending on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Discourse structure, speaker beliefs and intentions, as well expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a phrase.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. It is because every culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations. In certain cultures, it's acceptable to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.

There are many different views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is conducted in this field. Some of the most important areas of study are: formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; clinical and experimental pragmatics.

How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by language in context. It evaluates the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs affect the interpretation, and focuses less on grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics has a link to other areas of the study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.

In recent years, the field of pragmatics has developed in various directions such as computational linguistics conversational pragmatics, and 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험 theoretical pragmatics. There is a broad range of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the significance of lexical elements, the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of meaning itself.

In the philosophical debate about pragmatics, one of the major questions is whether it's possible to provide a thorough and systematic analysis of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that pragmatics and 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험 semantics are actually the same thing.

It is not unusual for scholars to debate between these two perspectives, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For instance some scholars believe that if an utterance has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, whereas others believe that the fact that an utterance could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative approach. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of the many possible interpretations, and that all of them are valid. This approach is often referred to as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and far side methods. It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of an utterance containing the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so reliable when in comparison to other possible implicatures.