Created page with "What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between context and language. It poses questions such as: What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophies of practical and reasonable action. It differs from idealism which is the idea that one must adhere to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users get meaning from and with ea..."
 
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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between context and language. It poses questions such as: What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophies of practical and reasonable action. It differs from idealism which is the idea that one must adhere to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users get meaning from and with each with each other. It is usually thought of as a part of the language however, it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics looks at what the user is trying to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic discipline within linguistics, but it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are many different approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this field. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has focused on a broad range of topics such as L2 pragmatic understanding as well as request production by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It is also applied to various social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics varies by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, but their positions differ based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors by the number of publications they have published. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language rather than with truth grammar, reference, or. It focuses on how a single phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies that hearers use to determine if words are meant to be a communication. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and  [https://atozbookmark.com/story18186177/pragmatic-return-rate-tips-from-the-most-successful-in-the-business 프라그마틱 슬롯 조작] semantics is a well-known and long-established one There is a lot of controversy about the precise boundaries of these fields. For instance, some philosophers have argued that the notion of a sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have argued that this type of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics along with the study of phonology. syntax, [https://pragmatic-kr78888.therainblog.com/29670514/getting-tired-of-pragmatic-authenticity-verification-10-inspirational-sources-that-will-rekindle-your-love 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] 순위 ([https://reallivesocial.com/story3743339/24-hours-to-improve-pragmatic-product-authentication relevant internet site]) semantics etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy since it deals with how our notions of the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories about how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a few key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. For instance, some researchers have claimed that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without referring to any facts regarding what is actually being said. This sort of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars,  [https://pragmatic-korea19753.techionblog.com/30479469/some-wisdom-on-pragmatic-authenticity-verification-from-the-age-of-five 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] however, have argued that this study should be considered a discipline in its own right, since it examines the way the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in a sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in greater in depth. Both papers explore the notions a saturation and a free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are crucial processes that shape the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It examines the way human language is used during social interaction and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intent of speakers. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Certain practical approaches have been put with other disciplines, such as philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct subjects. He argues semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said while far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an utterance is already determined by semantics, while the rest is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same word can have different meanings in different contexts, based on things such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, as well as the expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is acceptable to say in different situations. For example, it is acceptable in certain cultures to look at each other while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being done in the field. Some of the most important areas of study are formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How does free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through the use of language in a context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of an spoken word and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics like syntax and semantics or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in a variety of directions that include computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a broad range of research that is conducted in these areas, which address issues like the importance of lexical elements, the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical discussion of pragmatism one of the main issues is whether it is possible to give a precise and systematic account of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have claimed that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not well-defined, and that they are the identical.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to argue between these two positions, arguing that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars argue that if a statement carries an actual truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others believe that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is just one of the many ways in which an word can be interpreted and that all interpretations are valid. This method is often known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and far side approaches. It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, 프라그마틱 홈페이지 ([https://toplistar.com/story20080474/15-trends-that-are-coming-up-about-pragmatic-free-slots toplistar.com]) Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted interpretations of an utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so reliable in comparison to other possible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It asks questions like What do people really mean when they speak in terms?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It contrasts with idealism which is the idea that one should stick to their principles regardless of what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users find meaning from and each with each other. It is often viewed as a part or language, but it differs from semantics since it concentrates on what the user wants to convey, not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research it is still young and its research has expanded quickly in the past few decades. It has been primarily an academic area of study within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields, such as psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a myriad of ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's comprehension. Conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a broad range of subjects, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, as well as the importance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It is also applied to social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different depending on the database used. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in the field of pragmatics research. However, their position varies depending on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors based on the number of publications they have. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics with concepts such as politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth grammar, reference, or. It examines how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that hearers use to determine if words are meant to be a communication. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and  [https://getsocialpr.com/story18968598/20-fun-details-about-pragmatic-slots 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] long-established one however, there is a lot of debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. For instance some philosophers have claimed that the notion of a sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have argued that this type of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another issue is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be treated as part of linguistics along with phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy because it focuses on how our notions of the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories of how languages function.<br><br>There are a few major aspects of the study of pragmatics that have been the source of many of the debates. For example, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without necessarily being able to provide any information regarding what is actually being said. This type of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the subject is a discipline in its own right because it examines the manner in which the meaning and usage of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways in which we understand the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more in depth. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that shape the meaning of utterances.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how context affects linguistic meaning. It evaluates how human language is used in social interaction,  [https://madesocials.com/story3449474/15-up-and-coming-pragmatic-site-bloggers-you-need-to-watch 프라그마틱 홈페이지] and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of the speaker. Relevance Theory,  [https://thebookmarkking.com/story18079431/9-signs-you-re-an-expert-pragmatic-play-expert 프라그마틱 카지노] for example, focuses on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines, such as philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of signs to objects which they may or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They believe that semantics determines some of the pragmatics of a statement, whereas other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on factors like ambiguity or indexicality. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. It is because each culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. In certain cultures, it's acceptable to look at each other. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this area. There are a myriad of areas of research, such as computational and formal pragmatics, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How is free Pragmatics similar to explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics,  [https://travialist.com/story8252116/the-10-worst-free-pragmatic-fails-of-all-time-could-have-been-prevented 프라그마틱 추천] a linguistic field, is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by language use in context. It examines the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on grammatical features of the utterance instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics, like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics has developed in various directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic account of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have claimed that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is ill-defined and that pragmatics and semantics are really the same thing.<br><br>The debate between these positions is usually an ongoing debate and scholars arguing that certain instances are a part of either semantics or pragmatics. For example certain scholars argue that if a statement has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, while others believe that the fact that an utterance can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different stance and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one of many ways that the expression can be understood and that all of these ways are valid. This is commonly called far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to integrate semantic and far side methods. It attempts to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs as well as intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusivity implicature so reliable when compared to other plausible implicatures.

Revision as of 18:57, 23 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It asks questions like What do people really mean when they speak in terms?

It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It contrasts with idealism which is the idea that one should stick to their principles regardless of what.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users find meaning from and each with each other. It is often viewed as a part or language, but it differs from semantics since it concentrates on what the user wants to convey, not on what the actual meaning is.

As a field of research it is still young and its research has expanded quickly in the past few decades. It has been primarily an academic area of study within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields, such as psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics and Anthropology.

There are a myriad of ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's comprehension. Conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have researched.

The research in pragmatics has covered a broad range of subjects, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, as well as the importance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It is also applied to social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different depending on the database used. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in the field of pragmatics research. However, their position varies depending on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors based on the number of publications they have. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics with concepts such as politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth grammar, reference, or. It examines how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that hearers use to determine if words are meant to be a communication. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험 long-established one however, there is a lot of debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. For instance some philosophers have claimed that the notion of a sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have argued that this type of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.

Another issue is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be treated as part of linguistics along with phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy because it focuses on how our notions of the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories of how languages function.

There are a few major aspects of the study of pragmatics that have been the source of many of the debates. For example, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without necessarily being able to provide any information regarding what is actually being said. This type of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the subject is a discipline in its own right because it examines the manner in which the meaning and usage of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways in which we understand the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more in depth. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that shape the meaning of utterances.

What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is how context affects linguistic meaning. It evaluates how human language is used in social interaction, 프라그마틱 홈페이지 and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.

Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of the speaker. Relevance Theory, 프라그마틱 카지노 for example, focuses on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines, such as philosophy or cognitive science.

There are also a variety of views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of signs to objects which they may or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They believe that semantics determines some of the pragmatics of a statement, whereas other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on factors like ambiguity or indexicality. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. It is because each culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. In certain cultures, it's acceptable to look at each other. In other cultures, it's rude.

There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this area. There are a myriad of areas of research, such as computational and formal pragmatics, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

How is free Pragmatics similar to explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics, 프라그마틱 추천 a linguistic field, is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by language use in context. It examines the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on grammatical features of the utterance instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics, like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.

In recent years, the field of pragmatics has developed in various directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.

In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic account of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have claimed that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is ill-defined and that pragmatics and semantics are really the same thing.

The debate between these positions is usually an ongoing debate and scholars arguing that certain instances are a part of either semantics or pragmatics. For example certain scholars argue that if a statement has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, while others believe that the fact that an utterance can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different stance and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one of many ways that the expression can be understood and that all of these ways are valid. This is commonly called far-side pragmatics.

Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to integrate semantic and far side methods. It attempts to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs as well as intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusivity implicature so reliable when compared to other plausible implicatures.