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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics examines the relationship between context and [https://pragmatic-korea19753.techionblog.com/29845791/is-your-company-responsible-for-a-free-pragmatic-budget-12-top-ways-to-spend-your-money 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] language. It asks questions like: What do people really mean when they speak in terms?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism which is the idea that one should adhere to their principles regardless of what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways that people who speak gain meaning from and each other. It is usually thought of as a part of the language, although it differs from semantics in that pragmatics studies what the user is trying to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research it is still young and its research has grown quickly in the past few decades. It has been primarily an academic area of study within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its growth and development. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that pragmatics researchers have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a broad variety of topics, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, however their rankings differ by database. This is due to pragmatics being an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors by the number of publications they have. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the contexts and users of language usage rather than focusing on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on the ways in which one expression can be interpreted as meaning different things in different contexts and also those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also examines the methods that listeners employ to determine whether utterances are intended to be a communication. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear where they should be drawn. Some philosophers believe that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, while others claim that this type of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as a branch of linguistics or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and should be considered an independent part of the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology, semantics and so on. Others have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language since it focuses on the ways that our ideas about the meaning and use of language affect our theories of how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a few key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not a subject in and of itself since it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language, without referring to any facts about what actually gets said. This type of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the study should be considered a discipline in its own right, since it examines the way the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we think about the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in greater in depth. Both papers explore the notions the concept of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that help shape the meaning of utterances.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It evaluates how human language is used in social interaction, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, many theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics focus on the communicative intent of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is focused on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Certain practical approaches have been put with other disciplines like philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are different opinions regarding the boundary between pragmatics and  [https://olivebookmarks.com/story18164847/5-laws-to-help-the-pragmatic-site-industry 프라그마틱 순위] 슬롯무료 ([https://socialbaskets.com/ Socialbaskets.com]) semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and  [https://thesocialroi.com/story7830283/the-three-greatest-moments-in-live-casino-history 프라그마틱 슬롯] pragmatism are two different subjects. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of words to objects they may or not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logic implications of saying something. They claim that semantics determines certain aspects of the meaning of an utterance, while other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity. Other things that can change the meaning of an expression are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, as well as listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in various situations. In some cultures, it's polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. Some of the most important areas of research are formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by the language in a context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of an spoken word and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics, such as semantics, syntax and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics developed in many different directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. These areas are distinguished by a variety of research that addresses topics such as lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language, and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical discussion of pragmatics one of the most important questions is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic analysis of the relationship between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have claimed that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and [https://health-lists.com/story18663227/pragmatic-return-rate-tips-that-can-change-your-life 프라그마틱 무료슬롯] semantics is not clear and that pragmatics and semantics are really the identical.<br><br>The debate between these two positions is often a back and forth affair scholars argue that particular phenomena fall under the rubric of either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars argue that if a statement is interpreted with the literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others contend that the possibility that a statement may be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is only one of many possible interpretations and that all of them are valid. This is commonly known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine the concepts of semantics and far-side trying to understand the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation. For example,  [https://totalbookmarking.com/story18130164/what-is-pragmatic-genuine-and-why-you-should-consider-pragmatic-genuine 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁] Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so reliable when in comparison to other possible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It addresses issues such as: What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable action. It contrasts with idealism which is the idea that one should adhere to their principles regardless of what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines the way that language users interact and communicate with one and with each other. It is often thought of as a part or language, but it is different from semantics in that it focuses on what the user is trying to convey and not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic discipline within linguistics, but it also has an impact on research in other fields like speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are many different methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it affects the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that pragmatics researchers have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a wide variety of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the significance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on the database used. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, yet their ranking varies by database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors according to their publications only. It is possible to determine influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, [http://shenasname.ir/ask/user/karatebell7 프라그마틱 사이트] and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and  [https://atomcraft.ru/user/sneezestorm0/ 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬] language users rather than with truth grammar, reference, or. It focuses on the ways in which one expression can be understood to mean various things depending on the context and also those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on methods that listeners employ to determine if utterances are intended to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and long-established one There is much debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. For example, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics along with phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be considered part of the philosophy of language since it focuses on the ways that our beliefs about the meaning and uses of language influence our theories about how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are central to the study of pragmatics. For example, some scholars have suggested that pragmatics isn't a subject in and of itself since it examines the ways people interpret and use language, without using any data regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Others, however,  [https://www.google.co.cr/url?q=https://mcmillan-bradford.mdwrite.net/the-top-pragmatic-free-slots-experts-are-doing-3-things 프라그마틱 불법] have argued that the subject should be considered a field in its own right since it examines the ways in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature of utterances as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in the sentence. These are the issues addressed in greater detail in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It examines the way human language is used during social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of the speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is focused on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Some pragmatics theories have been combined with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with the content of what is said, while far-side is focused on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany the words spoken are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' is defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same phrase can have different meanings in different contexts, based on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is because each culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations. For example, it is acceptable in certain cultures to look at each other while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being conducted in the field. The main areas of research include computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by language use in context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation,  프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프 ([https://www.google.pn/url?q=https://hendrix-peck-2.technetbloggers.de/what-pragmatic-experts-want-you-to-learn www.Google.pn]) with less attention paid to the grammatical aspects of the speech than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions such as computational linguistics conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a variety of research in these areas, which address issues like the importance of lexical elements as well as the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>One of the major issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop a rigorous, systematic account of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that pragmatics and semantics are really the identical.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to debate back and forth between these two positions and 라이브 카지노 ([https://bysee3.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=4653982 Https://Bysee3.Com]) argue that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. For [http://www.0471tc.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=1993298 프라그마틱 정품] instance certain scholars argue that if an utterance has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative approach. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of many possible interpretations and that all interpretations are valid. This is commonly called far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far side approaches. It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified interpretations of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 03:59, 25 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It addresses issues such as: What do people mean by the terms they use?

It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable action. It contrasts with idealism which is the idea that one should adhere to their principles regardless of what.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics examines the way that language users interact and communicate with one and with each other. It is often thought of as a part or language, but it is different from semantics in that it focuses on what the user is trying to convey and not what the meaning is.

As a field of research, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic discipline within linguistics, but it also has an impact on research in other fields like speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.

There are many different methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it affects the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that pragmatics researchers have researched.

The research in pragmatics has covered a wide variety of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the significance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on the database used. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, yet their ranking varies by database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors according to their publications only. It is possible to determine influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, 프라그마틱 사이트 and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬 language users rather than with truth grammar, reference, or. It focuses on the ways in which one expression can be understood to mean various things depending on the context and also those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on methods that listeners employ to determine if utterances are intended to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and long-established one There is much debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. For example, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.

Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics along with phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be considered part of the philosophy of language since it focuses on the ways that our beliefs about the meaning and uses of language influence our theories about how languages work.

The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are central to the study of pragmatics. For example, some scholars have suggested that pragmatics isn't a subject in and of itself since it examines the ways people interpret and use language, without using any data regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, 프라그마틱 불법 have argued that the subject should be considered a field in its own right since it examines the ways in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.

The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature of utterances as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in the sentence. These are the issues addressed in greater detail in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the overall meaning an utterance.

How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It examines the way human language is used during social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.

Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of the speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is focused on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Some pragmatics theories have been combined with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.

There are also a variety of views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.

Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with the content of what is said, while far-side is focused on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany the words spoken are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' is defined by the processes of inference.

The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same phrase can have different meanings in different contexts, based on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is because each culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations. For example, it is acceptable in certain cultures to look at each other while it is rude in other cultures.

There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being conducted in the field. The main areas of research include computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by language use in context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프 (www.Google.pn) with less attention paid to the grammatical aspects of the speech than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.

In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions such as computational linguistics conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a variety of research in these areas, which address issues like the importance of lexical elements as well as the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of meaning itself.

One of the major issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop a rigorous, systematic account of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that pragmatics and semantics are really the identical.

It is not uncommon for scholars to debate back and forth between these two positions and 라이브 카지노 (Https://Bysee3.Com) argue that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. For 프라그마틱 정품 instance certain scholars argue that if an utterance has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative approach. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of many possible interpretations and that all interpretations are valid. This is commonly called far-side pragmatics.

Recent work in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far side approaches. It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified interpretations of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.