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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as: What do people really mean when they speak in terms?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It's in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you must always abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways that people who speak get meaning from and with each with each other. It is often seen as a part of a language, however it differs from semantics because pragmatics focuses on what the user is trying to convey and not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study the field of pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has been growing rapidly over the past few decades. It is a language academic field however, [https://ai-db.science/wiki/Speak_Yes_To_These_5_Pragmatic_Slot_Tips_Tips 프라그마틱 슬롯] it has also affected research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this field. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has been focused on a variety of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners, and the role of theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to various social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics is different according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, yet their rankings differ by database. This is because pragmatics is an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the top pragmatics authors based on the number of publications they have published. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is focused on the users and contexts of language use instead of focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It focuses on the ways in which an phrase can be understood as meaning different things in different contexts as well as those triggered by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies used by listeners to determine if utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and established one There is much debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers claim that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, while others argue that this kind of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of language or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and that it should be considered an independent part of the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology, semantics and  [https://cameradb.review/wiki/11_Strategies_To_Refresh_Your_Free_Slot_Pragmatic 프라그마틱 불법] 무료 슬롯버프; [https://elearnportal.science/wiki/What_Is_The_Best_Way_To_Spot_The_Pragmatic_Free_Trial_Meta_To_Be_Right_For_You clicking here], so on. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it examines how our ideas about the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a handful of issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatism. For instance, some researchers have claimed that pragmatics isn't a discipline in and of itself because it studies the ways in which people interpret and [https://digitaltibetan.win/wiki/Post:A_Comprehensive_Guide_To_Pragmatic_Ranking_From_Start_To_Finish 프라그마틱 정품확인] 데모 ([https://ai-db.science/wiki/Buzzwords_DeBuzzed_10_Other_Ways_To_Say_Pragmatic_Slots_Free_Trial Read the Full Document]) use language, without being able to provide any information regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the study is a discipline in its own right since it examines the manner in which the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is known as near-side pragmatism.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way we perceive the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process, and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being said by an individual speaker in a sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in greater in depth. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. Both are crucial pragmatic processes in the sense that they shape the overall meaning of a statement.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of language. It studies the way that the human language is utilized in social interactions and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the communicative intent of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some practical approaches have been put with other disciplines like philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of words to objects they may or not denote, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical implications of saying something. They claim that semantics is already determining the logical implications of an utterance, while other pragmatics are determined by the pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on factors like ambiguity or indexicality. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, as well as expectations of the listener.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. For instance, it is polite in some cultures to make eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this area. There are a variety of areas of research, such as computational and formal pragmatics, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross pragmatics in linguistics, and  [https://telegra.ph/Ten-Reasons-To-Hate-People-Who-Cant-Be-Disproved-Pragmatic-Slots-12-16 무료슬롯 프라그마틱] clinical and experimentative pragmatics.<br><br>How does free Pragmatics compare to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of the speech and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics, and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. These areas are distinguished by a broad range of research, which focuses on aspects like lexical features and the interaction between discourse, language, and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatics one of the most important issues is whether it is possible to give a precise and systematic explanation of the interplay between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear, and that they are the same thing.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to go between these two positions, arguing that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. For example certain scholars argue that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, whereas other argue that the fact that an expression could be interpreted in different ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative approach. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is only one of many possible interpretations and that they are all valid. This method is often described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Some recent work in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and far-side approaches in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the interpretive possibilities for an utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will entertain many possible exhausted interpretations of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any. This is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so strong when compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as What do people actually mean when they speak in terms?<br><br>It's a philosophies of practical and reasonable action. It is in contrast to idealism which is the idea that one must adhere to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how people who speak a language interact and communicate with each and with each other. It is typically thought of as a component of language, although it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics studies what the user intends to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a field of research, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic field of study within linguistics, however it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its development and growth. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and its interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's comprehension. The lexical and [http://brewwiki.win/wiki/Post:The_10_Scariest_Things_About_Pragmatic_Genuine 프라그마틱 무료게임] concept strategies for pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These views have contributed to the diversity of subjects that pragmatics researchers have studied.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a vast variety of topics, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in pragmatics research. However, their position differs based on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top authors of pragmatics according to their number of publications alone. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics is a pioneering concept like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language as opposed to the study of truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on how one word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also examines the methods that listeners employ to determine whether words are meant to be a communication. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely recognized, it's not always clear where they should be drawn. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, whereas others insist that this particular problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics alongside phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language because it deals with the ways in which our beliefs about the meanings and functions of language affect our theories about how languages function.<br><br>There are a few major issues in the study of pragmatics that have fueled the debate. Some scholars have suggested, for example, that pragmatics isn't a discipline in and of itself since it examines how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This type of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this field ought to be considered an academic discipline since it studies the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature and meaning of utterances,  [https://longshots.wiki/wiki/10_Misconceptions_That_Your_Boss_May_Have_About_Pragmatic_Free_Slot_Buff 무료슬롯 프라그마틱] as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in a sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. Both are significant pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the overall meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how context affects linguistic meaning. It focuses on how humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, 프라그마틱 무료게임 ([https://linkvault.win/story.php?title=14-businesses-doing-a-great-job-at-pragmatic-product-authentication Https://Linkvault.Win/Story.Php?Title=14-Businesses-Doing-A-Great-Job-At-Pragmatic-Product-Authentication]) many theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics focus on the communicative intent of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory are focused on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of words by listeners. Certain practical approaches have been put with other disciplines, such as cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also divergent views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two different subjects. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of signs to objects that they could or may not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the content of what is said, while far-side is focused on the logical implications of a statement. They claim that semantics already determines some of the pragmatics of an expression, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same word could have different meanings in different contexts, based on things like indexicality and ambiguity. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as the expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. It is because every culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and lots of research is being done in this field. Some of the most important areas of study are computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through the language used in its context. It evaluates the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs contribute to interpretation, focusing less on the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics, such as syntax and semantics or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics developed in many different directions. These include computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which addresses aspects like lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language and meaning.<br><br>One of the main questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to develop an accurate, systematic understanding of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics isn't well-defined, and that they are the same.<br><br>The debate between these positions is usually a back and forth affair, with scholars arguing that certain instances fall under the rubric of semantics or pragmatics. For example, some scholars argue that if a statement has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, while others argue that the fact that an utterance may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative route. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of many possible interpretations,  [http://morgh-online.ir/user/jurycello0/ 프라그마틱 공식홈페이지] and that all of them are valid. This is sometimes called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and distant side methods. It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities that can be derived from a speaker's words by illustrating how the speaker's beliefs and  [https://tolstrup-weiner.technetbloggers.de/7-simple-secrets-to-totally-you-into-pragmatic-free-slot-buff/ 프라그마틱 홈페이지] intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that the listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.

Latest revision as of 12:17, 25 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as What do people actually mean when they speak in terms?

It's a philosophies of practical and reasonable action. It is in contrast to idealism which is the idea that one must adhere to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is how people who speak a language interact and communicate with each and with each other. It is typically thought of as a component of language, although it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics studies what the user intends to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.

As a field of research, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic field of study within linguistics, however it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and anthropology.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its development and growth. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and its interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's comprehension. The lexical and 프라그마틱 무료게임 concept strategies for pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These views have contributed to the diversity of subjects that pragmatics researchers have studied.

The research in pragmatics has covered a vast variety of topics, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in pragmatics research. However, their position differs based on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to rank the top authors of pragmatics according to their number of publications alone. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics is a pioneering concept like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language as opposed to the study of truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on how one word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also examines the methods that listeners employ to determine whether words are meant to be a communication. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely recognized, it's not always clear where they should be drawn. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, whereas others insist that this particular problem should be treated as pragmatic.

Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics alongside phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language because it deals with the ways in which our beliefs about the meanings and functions of language affect our theories about how languages function.

There are a few major issues in the study of pragmatics that have fueled the debate. Some scholars have suggested, for example, that pragmatics isn't a discipline in and of itself since it examines how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This type of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this field ought to be considered an academic discipline since it studies the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, 무료슬롯 프라그마틱 as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in a sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. Both are significant pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the overall meaning of an utterance.

What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is how context affects linguistic meaning. It focuses on how humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.

Over the years, 프라그마틱 무료게임 (Https://Linkvault.Win/Story.Php?Title=14-Businesses-Doing-A-Great-Job-At-Pragmatic-Product-Authentication) many theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics focus on the communicative intent of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory are focused on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of words by listeners. Certain practical approaches have been put with other disciplines, such as cognitive science or philosophy.

There are also divergent views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two different subjects. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of signs to objects that they could or may not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the content of what is said, while far-side is focused on the logical implications of a statement. They claim that semantics already determines some of the pragmatics of an expression, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.

The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same word could have different meanings in different contexts, based on things like indexicality and ambiguity. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as the expectations of the listener.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. It is because every culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.

There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and lots of research is being done in this field. Some of the most important areas of study are computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through the language used in its context. It evaluates the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs contribute to interpretation, focusing less on the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics, such as syntax and semantics or philosophy of language.

In recent years, the field of pragmatics developed in many different directions. These include computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which addresses aspects like lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language and meaning.

One of the main questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to develop an accurate, systematic understanding of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics isn't well-defined, and that they are the same.

The debate between these positions is usually a back and forth affair, with scholars arguing that certain instances fall under the rubric of semantics or pragmatics. For example, some scholars argue that if a statement has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, while others argue that the fact that an utterance may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative route. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of many possible interpretations, 프라그마틱 공식홈페이지 and that all of them are valid. This is sometimes called "far-side pragmatics".

Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and distant side methods. It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities that can be derived from a speaker's words by illustrating how the speaker's beliefs and 프라그마틱 홈페이지 intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that the listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.