Created page with "What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It addresses questions like: What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on sensible and [https://geniusbookmarks.com/story18301836/10-undeniable-reasons-people-hate-pragmatic-free-trial-slot-buff 프라그마틱 게임] practical actions. It is in contrast to idealism, the belief that you must always abide to your conviction..."
 
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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It addresses questions like: What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on sensible and [https://geniusbookmarks.com/story18301836/10-undeniable-reasons-people-hate-pragmatic-free-trial-slot-buff 프라그마틱 게임] practical actions. It is in contrast to idealism, the belief that you must always abide to your convictions.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users gain meaning from and each one another. It is often viewed as a part or  [https://getidealist.com/story19988281/how-to-solve-issues-with-pragmatic-product-authentication 프라그마틱 순위] language, but it is different from semantics because pragmatics focuses on what the user is trying to communicate, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It is a language academic field but it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notions of intention and [https://thesocialcircles.com/story3885307/15-interesting-facts-about-pragmatic-return-rate-that-you-never-knew 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁] its interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's comprehension. The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has focused on a variety of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension as well as production of requests by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics is different by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top producers in the field of pragmatics research. However, [https://pragmatickr09753.wikibestproducts.com/1015233/ten_things_you_learned_in_kindergarden_that_will_help_you_get_free_slot_pragmatic 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천] their ranking differs based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics solely according to the quantity of their publications. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics concentrates on the users and contexts of language use instead of focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It focuses on how a single phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also examines the strategies that hearers use to determine if utterances are intended to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known, long-established one however, there is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers argue that the concept of sentence meaning is a component of semantics, whereas other claim that this type of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics is a branch of linguistics or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a field in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as a distinct part of the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology, semantics, etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language since it deals with the ways that our ideas about the meaning and use of language influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a number of key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. For instance, some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without using any data about what actually gets said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this research ought to be considered a discipline of its own since it studies how cultural and social factors influence the meaning and use of language. This is called near-side pragmatism.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way in which we understand the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process, and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being said by an individual speaker in a sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more in depth. Both papers explore the notions the concept of saturation and free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It examines the way human language is used during social interactions and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory concentrate on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also different views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris believes that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He says that semantics deal with the relation of signs to objects they may or may not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They claim that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in an expression are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' are determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same phrase can mean different things in different contexts, based on things such as ambiguity and indexicality. Other things that can change the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as the expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. It is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is acceptable in various situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and lots of research is conducted in this field. There are a variety of areas of research, such as formal and computational pragmatics, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics of language, as well as clinical and experimentative pragmatics.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It evaluates the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs contribute to interpretation, focusing less on grammaral characteristics of the expression than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics has a link to other areas of the study of linguistics such as syntax and semantics, or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics has developed in a variety of directions such as computational linguistics conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a broad range of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics like the importance of lexical elements as well as the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatics, one of the major [https://digibookmarks.com/story18280758/pragmatic-free-trial-meta-tools-to-help-you-manage-your-everyday-lifethe-only-pragmatic-free-trial-meta-technique-every-person-needs-to-be-able-to 프라그마틱 슬롯] issues is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic explanation of the interplay between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that they are the same.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to argue back and forth between these two views and argue that certain phenomena fall under either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars say that if a statement has a literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the possibility that a statement may be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different view in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is just one of the many ways that the utterance may be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is often called far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and far-side approaches trying to understand the full scope of the interpretive possibilities for an utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted interpretations of an speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusiveness implicature is so robust compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between context and language. It addresses issues like What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable actions. It contrasts with idealism which is the belief that one should stick to their principles regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines the way that language users interact and communicate with one with one another. It is usually thought of as a part of language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics looks at what the user intends to convey, not what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a research field the field of pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic field of study within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields, such as psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics, and Anthropology.<br><br>There are many different views on pragmatics, which have contributed to its development and growth. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's comprehension. The lexical and concept perspectives on pragmatics are also views on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that pragmatics researchers have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has focused on a wide range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension, request production by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics is different according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in research on pragmatics. However, their position is dependent on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics based on their number of publications alone. It is possible to identify influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics. For example, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users as opposed to the study of truth or reference, or grammar. It focuses on how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on the methods that listeners employ to determine which words are meant to be a communication. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear how they should be drawn. Some philosophers believe that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, whereas others insist that this particular problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics alongside the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language since it focuses on the ways in which our concepts of the meanings and functions of language influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>There are a few key issues in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of the debate. Some scholars have argued, for example, that pragmatics isn't a subject by itself because it examines how people interpret and use language without necessarily referring back to facts about what was actually said. This sort of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this research should be considered as an independent discipline since it studies the ways that cultural and social factors influence the meaning and usage of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we perceive the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process, and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being spoken by an individual speaker in a sentence. These are topics that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial processes that help shape the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It examines the way humans use language in social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>A variety of theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of words by hearers. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of views about the line between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, like Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct topics. He says that semantics deals with the relation of signs to objects that they could or not denote, while pragmatics deals with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said while far-side focuses on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They argue that some of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single utterance may have different meanings depending on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and listener expectations can also change the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is because each culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. For instance, it is acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being done in the field. There are a variety of areas of research, such as computational and formal pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics of language, as well as clinical and experimentative pragmatics.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure that is used in the speech and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is related to other linguistics areas, such as semantics, syntax and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. This includes computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which focuses on issues like lexical characteristics and the interaction between language, discourse, [https://images.google.cf/url?q=https://telegra.ph/Five-Killer-Quora-Answers-On-Pragmatic-Official-Website-09-13 프라그마틱 슬롯] and meaning.<br><br>One of the major questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is unclear and that semantics and pragmatics are actually the identical.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to argue between these two positions and argue that certain events are either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars say that if a statement is interpreted with the literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others contend that the fact that a statement could be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different view and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways that the utterance may be interpreted and that all interpretations are valid. This approach is often called far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and far-side approaches in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to the interpretation. For example, [https://www.google.ki/url?q=https://nestnight1.werite.net/the-leading-reasons-why-people-perform-well-with-the-pragmatic-free-industry 프라그마틱 무료체험 메타] 순위 ([https://securityholes.science/wiki/15_Reasons_Why_You_Shouldnt_Ignore_Pragmatickr Securityholes.Science]) Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and  [https://hangoutshelp.net/user/animequiet0 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법] 정품확인 ([https://qooh.me/systemevent4 qooh.me]) Bergen (2020). This model predicts that the listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so reliable when contrasted to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 16:22, 19 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics studies the relationship between context and language. It addresses issues like What do people mean by the words they use?

It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable actions. It contrasts with idealism which is the belief that one should stick to their principles regardless of the circumstances.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics examines the way that language users interact and communicate with one with one another. It is usually thought of as a part of language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics looks at what the user intends to convey, not what the meaning actually is.

As a research field the field of pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic field of study within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields, such as psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics, and Anthropology.

There are many different views on pragmatics, which have contributed to its development and growth. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's comprehension. The lexical and concept perspectives on pragmatics are also views on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that pragmatics researchers have investigated.

The study of pragmatics has focused on a wide range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension, request production by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics is different according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in research on pragmatics. However, their position is dependent on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics based on their number of publications alone. It is possible to identify influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics. For example, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users as opposed to the study of truth or reference, or grammar. It focuses on how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on the methods that listeners employ to determine which words are meant to be a communication. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear how they should be drawn. Some philosophers believe that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, whereas others insist that this particular problem should be treated as pragmatic.

Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics alongside the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language since it focuses on the ways in which our concepts of the meanings and functions of language influence our theories of how languages work.

There are a few key issues in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of the debate. Some scholars have argued, for example, that pragmatics isn't a subject by itself because it examines how people interpret and use language without necessarily referring back to facts about what was actually said. This sort of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this research should be considered as an independent discipline since it studies the ways that cultural and social factors influence the meaning and usage of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we perceive the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process, and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being spoken by an individual speaker in a sentence. These are topics that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial processes that help shape the overall meaning an utterance.

What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It examines the way humans use language in social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.

A variety of theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of words by hearers. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.

There are also a variety of views about the line between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, like Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct topics. He says that semantics deals with the relation of signs to objects that they could or not denote, while pragmatics deals with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said while far-side focuses on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They argue that some of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.

The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single utterance may have different meanings depending on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and listener expectations can also change the meaning of a word.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is because each culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. For instance, it is acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.

There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being done in the field. There are a variety of areas of research, such as computational and formal pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics of language, as well as clinical and experimentative pragmatics.

What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanation Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure that is used in the speech and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is related to other linguistics areas, such as semantics, syntax and philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. This includes computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which focuses on issues like lexical characteristics and the interaction between language, discourse, 프라그마틱 슬롯 and meaning.

One of the major questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is unclear and that semantics and pragmatics are actually the identical.

It is not unusual for scholars to argue between these two positions and argue that certain events are either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars say that if a statement is interpreted with the literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others contend that the fact that a statement could be interpreted differently is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different view and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways that the utterance may be interpreted and that all interpretations are valid. This approach is often called far-side pragmatics.

Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and far-side approaches in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to the interpretation. For example, 프라그마틱 무료체험 메타 순위 (Securityholes.Science) Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법 정품확인 (qooh.me) Bergen (2020). This model predicts that the listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so reliable when contrasted to other possible implicatures.