10 Strategies To Build Your Adhd Assessment Empire: Difference between revisions

Created page with "Assessing ADHD in Adults<br><br>It is crucial to assess those suffering from adhd for the proper diagnosis. This can be a daunting job. There are many ways to evaluate adhd including structured clinical interviews and self-report rating scales. These methods aren't always straightforward but they are widespread.<br><br>Interviews with parents and children<br><br>An essential component of ADHD evaluations is the parent/child interview. It provides the clinician with impor..."
 
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Assessing ADHD in Adults<br><br>It is crucial to assess those suffering from adhd for the proper diagnosis. This can be a daunting job. There are many ways to evaluate adhd including structured clinical interviews and self-report rating scales. These methods aren't always straightforward but they are widespread.<br><br>Interviews with parents and children<br><br>An essential component of ADHD evaluations is the parent/child interview. It provides the clinician with important information regarding the phenomenological and ecological significance of the child's symptoms. This information, when combined with information gathered from other sources, should be able to provide the basis [http://153.126.169.73/question2answer/index.php?qa=user&qa_1=taurusice13 assessed for adhd] an accurate diagnosis.<br><br>Effective interviews are based on asking specific questions. Be careful not to ask excessive questions about parents' personal concerns. Be careful not to overinterpret informal observations about the child's behavior.<br><br>Pervasiveness is a crucial criterion to diagnose ADHD. CHATTI is a reliable measure of the extent to which symptoms are prevalent. The tool is a simple but efficient tool for assessing teacher-reported total symptom scores.<br><br>Another tool that is useful is the questionnaire. Questionnaires are easy to administer and demonstrate high reliability. They can be biased by bias of the rater.<br><br>While the interview with parents and children is an important element of the examination, it can be condemned for its lack reliability. Parents may be overwhelmed by the process of assessing their child, and the interview may be a therapeutic experience for them.<br><br>Parent/child interviews should be accompanied by a clinical evaluation. It is essential to review all records that pertain to the child. The clinician can learn more about the child's psychological health by reviewing the medical and psychoeducational documents.<br><br>The nature of the referral is a crucial aspect to take into account. A referral for an ADHD diagnosis could be prompted by a child's behavior problems. Family stress could also be a potential source of ADHD symptoms.<br><br>A successful interview should consist of an assortment of tests that are standardized as well as parent/child interactions. Interviews with children who are minority should be conducted by an examiner who is committed to the standards of culture.<br><br>The most crucial aspect of an interview with a child or parent is the rapport the examiner establishes with parents. A diagnosis can be established if the examiner establishes a rapport with the parent as well as the interview details are.<br><br>The interview should be considered as a positive element of a thorough and accurate assessment of the child's emotional behavior, social, and behavioral strengths and weaknesses. Making an accurate diagnosis can not only ensure the right treatment, but it can be a sign of the child's progress of development.<br><br>Self-report scales of rating<br><br>Rating scales can be useful in the assessment of ADHD in adults. They can be used by clinicians and other healthcare providers such as parents and caregivers, as well as other. There are many scales of assessment that can be used to assess the behavioral symptoms of ADHD.<br><br>The Adult Self-Report Scale is a questionnaire that measures ADHD in adults. Its v1.1 version contains 18 questions. Part A questions require subjects to rate their symptoms and Part B questions probe the severity of the symptoms. These tests have been thoroughly researched and a lot of research has been conducted to determine their precision.<br><br>ASRS has a high degree of concurrent validity. The questions are based upon DSM criteria and are designed to detect ADHD symptoms. The frequency scores that are correlated provide indications of the level of the impact of symptoms on the patient's life.<br><br>Despite the ubiquity of these tools for testing, the correlation between their accuracy and the actual use of the tests is not evident. One study found that only 7 percent of children who took an executive function test such as the Stanford-Binet scale or the Attention Deficit Disorder Test, had a positive correlation between the tests and the results of the ASRS.<br><br>Mixed results have been found in research into the relationship between ADHD self-report scales and executive function tests. This could be due the lack of specificity of the tests themselves. In addition, the results of the ADHD self-report questionnaire have been shown to not correlate with the performance of attention or other components of the EF.<br><br>These measures are imperfect, but they can still be used to assess the likelihood of having ADHD. If a person has ADHD then the scores on these tests will be above 60. Typically, the answer to a question like "[https://nerdgaming.science/wiki/10_Things_You_Learned_In_Kindergarden_That_Will_Help_You_With_ADHD_Assessment_Brighton how to get a adhd assessment] often do you have difficulty in concentrating?" You will score well because the answers "Never", "Not Very Often" and "Always," are all negative.<br><br>Some rating scales also ask about other problems like depression which may be linked to ADHD. In actuality, a short version of the CDC's list of symptoms for depression is available.<br><br>Structured clinical interview<br><br>In establishing a diagnosis for ADHD in adults, a psychotherapy interview is the most commonly used method. This method is usually used in conjunction with other methods. These tools include behavioral rating scales as well as cognitive testing and self-report measures. Combining these diagnostic tools has shown to be more accurate than using individual tools.<br><br>In a medical interview patients are asked to describe their primary symptoms in different settings. It allows the clinicians to evaluate their impact on daily life and determine if the patient has [https://mozillabd.science/wiki/5_MustKnow_Practices_For_ADHD_Online_Assessment_In_2024 adhd evaluation Tools]. These charts also give more information about the patient's struggles with specific ADHD symptoms.<br><br>It is essential to include people who can confirm the patient's history when in the process of integrating [https://elearnportal.science/wiki/20_Myths_About_ADHD_Assessment_Glasgow_Dispelled adhd assessment glasgow] behavior rating systems. If this is not done, it can result in over-reporting symptoms. Informants could be a spouse or employer, or any other significant person in the adult's life. Averaging is the most effective way to combine these ratings.<br><br>Cognitive testing plays a crucial element in diagnosing ADHD in adults. It increases the specificity and reliability of the assessment battery. It is especially helpful in monitoring treatment responses. Research has shown that cognitive testing combined with ADHD behavior rating scales is more efficient than relying on one.<br><br>ADHD adults are often having difficulty understanding the root of their behavior issues. It can be difficult to determine ADHD. Research indicates that some of the symptoms that are most effective in identifying adults suffering from ADHD are those that are connected to concentration and memory.<br><br>Adults with ADHD have a higher incidence of comorbid conditions than children. Studies suggest that comorbidities might influence subjective symptoms. Future studies should study the effects of medication and psychological conditions that are comorbid.<br><br>Research has been done extensively regarding the reliability and accuracy of the behavioral rating scales that are used to identify ADHD in adults. One study demonstrated that the DIVA was the most accurate and the BAARS-IV the most inaccurate. These tools are subjective. Researchers suggest it is crucial to get these ratings from knowledgeable informants.<br><br>A structured clinical interview is a wonderful tool for assessing adults suffering from ADHD. It doesn't just gather standardized questions but also contains modules that assess the development of data and symptomatology in accordance with DSM criteria.<br><br>Psychological and neuropsychological testing<br><br>Psychological and neuropsychological tests to determine ADHD in adults are beneficial instruments. These tests help to diagnose neurological problems or brain disorders and help with treatment strategies.<br><br>Psychological tests test a variety of mental abilities and behavior. They can also be used to determine the presence of developmental disabilities and learning disabilities. The results of these tests can be compared to the results of people of similar age.<br><br>A neuropsychological examination is an extensive, standardized test of the brain, which measures various cognitive functions. This type of testing is usually administered by a professional like psychologists or psychiatrists. The most popular tests are based on answering questions and doing tasks using a computer.<br><br>Certain tests in psychology measure cognitive abilities, including reasoning and memory skills and other skills, such as attention and multitasking. These kinds of tests are designed for assessing cognitive capacity without injury. However, some people still have cognitive issues due to an injury or neurologic disorder that can trigger cognitive changes.<br><br>Tests for ADHD for adults can include tests of attention memory, memory, language and other abilities. These tests are used to differentiate between those who have disabilities and healthy individuals. ADHD patients are often more distracted than healthy adults, especially when they have to focus on abstract issues and pay attention for long periods of time.<br><br>Testing for psychological and neuropsychological tests to determine the severity of adult ADHD is commonly employed to aid in determining an accurate diagnosis of the disorder. This is due to the fact that ADHD symptoms are predominantly neurocognitive in the sense that they are neurocognitive in. Symptoms include difficulty with short-term memory as well as verbal processing. It is important to remember that these symptoms are not the fundamental symptoms of the disorder.<br><br>The results of psychological and neuropsychological tests to assess ADHD in adults can be used to formulate treatment plans and formulate [https://imoodle.win/wiki/The_Biggest_Problem_With_ADHD_Assessment_And_How_You_Can_Solve_It getting an assessment for adhd] intervention plan. Results are written up in a report for each individual that includes a description the symptoms, treatment recommendations, and an advice [https://articlescad.com/4-dirty-little-secrets-about-adhd-assessments-industry-adhd-assessments-industry-359415.html assessed for adhd] further research. Based on the results of the test the health professional may conduct additional tests to screen for any other ailments.<br><br>Comprehensive screening for ADHD for adults is carried out on a one-on-one basis. A certified clinical psychologist will evaluate the patient's medical history, developmental milestones , and behaviors during the assessment. He or she also talks with the patient about their concerns, and gives recommendations for treatment.
Assessing ADHD in Adults<br><br>It is crucial to assess people suffering from adhd to make a proper diagnosis. This can be a daunting task. There are many methods to [https://postheaven.net/liquidhour04/15-latest-trends-and-trends-in-adhd-assessment-uk-online assess adhd], including structured clinical interviews and self-report rating scales. But just because these procedures are common doesn't mean they're easy to implement.<br><br>Interview with parent and child<br><br>The most important aspect of ADHD evaluations is the parent/child interview. It provides the doctor with important information regarding the phenomenological, ecological and social validity of the child's symptoms. The information provided should be compared with other information to aid in making a correct diagnosis.<br><br>The key to an effective interview is to present specific and specific questions. Be careful not to ask too many questions about parents' personal issues. Be cautious not to misinterpret informal observations about the child's behavior.<br><br>One of the most important criteria for diagnosing ADHD is its pervasiveness. CHATTI is a reliable indicator of the widespreadness of symptoms. It is a simple but effective method for assessing the symptom scores of teachers.<br><br>Another tool that is useful is the questionnaire. The questionnaire is simple to use and has high reliability. However, they could be influenced by rater bias.<br><br>Although the parent/child interview is an essential part of the assessment, it can be condemned for its lack reliability. The examination process can cause parents to be unhappy, and for some parents, the interview could be a therapeutic experience.<br><br>Clinical evaluation should be performed in conjunction with parent-child interviews. It is important to review all records regarding the child. The clinician can gain insight into the child's mental health profile by reviewing his or her medical and psychoeducational documents.<br><br>The reason for the referral is an additional aspect to take into consideration. A referral for an ADHD diagnosis could be prompted by a child's behavioral issues. Stress in the family could be a cause for symptoms of ADHD.<br><br>An effective interview should involve an appropriate mix of standard testing and interactions between parents and children. Interviews with children from minority backgrounds should be conducted by an examiner who is committed to the cultural standards.<br><br>The most important factor in an interview between a child and parent is the rapport the examiner develops with the parent. The rapport, along with the information collected during the interview can be used to develop an accurate diagnosis.<br><br>The interview should be seen as a positive element of a thorough, accurate assessment of the child's emotional social, behavioral, and emotional strengths and weaknesses. An accurate diagnosis will help to determine the child's progress and help determine the best treatment.<br><br>Self-report scales for rating<br><br>Rating scales are helpful in diagnosing ADHD in adults. They can be utilized by health professionals, parents, caregivers, and many others. There are different types of scales for rating available and can be used to evaluate the different behavioral symptoms related to ADHD.<br><br>The Adult Self-Report Scale is a questionnaire that measures ADHD in adults. Its v1.1 version contains 18 questions. Part A questions ask subjects to rate their symptoms and Part B questions inquire about the severity of the symptoms. These two tests have been studied extensively, and there is lots of research about their accuracy.<br><br>ASRS has a high degree of concurrent validity. The questions are based upon DSM criteria and are designed to detect [http://bioimagingcore.be/q2a/user/heavenperch47 CAMHS ADHD assessment UK] symptoms. The frequency scores indicate the severity of the effects on the patient's daily life.<br><br>Despite the increasing popularity of these test tools however, the relationship between their accuracy and actual use of these tests isn't clear. One study found that only 7% of children who took executive function tests, like the StanfordBinet Scale or the Attention Deficit Disorder Test, showed a positive correlation between their scores and those of the ASRS.<br><br>Mixed results have been found in research studies that have examined the relationship between ADHD self-report scales and executive function tests. This could be due in part to the lack of specificity of the tests. The ADHD self-report questionnaire results haven't been proven to be correlated with attentional performance, or other components of the EF.<br><br>These tests aren't perfect They aren't perfect, but they can be used to determine the risk of having ADHD. These tests will reveal ADHD when scores are above 60. A question such as "[https://maps.google.nr/url?q=https://writeablog.net/beetlelip11/dont-forget-how-much-is-an-adhd-assessment-uk-10-reasons-why-you-dont-need-it how to get adhd assessment] often do you experience problems with your concentration?" is a common answer. You will score well because the answers "Never", "Not Very Often" and "Always," are all negative.<br><br>Some rating scales also inquire about other issues, such as depression, which could be related to ADHD. A shorter version of the checklist by the CDC is available.<br><br>Structured clinical interview<br><br>In establishing a diagnosis for ADHD in adults, a psychotherapy interview is the most commonly used method. This method is employed alongside a variety of other tools. These tools include cognitive testing, behavioral rating scales as well as self-report measurements. Combining these diagnostic tools has been proven to be more accurate than individual tools.<br><br>In a medical interview, patients describe their core symptoms in different settings. This allows clinicians to assess the impact of their symptoms on daily life and to determine if the patient is suffering from ADHD. They can also give a more clear picture of the patient's issues with particular ADHD symptoms.<br><br>When using ADHD behavior rating scales, it is vital to include people who can confirm the history of the patient. If this is not done, it can result in over-reporting symptoms. Informants could be spouses or employer, as well as other significant adult in the lives of. The best way to incorporate these ratings is to use an averaging technique.<br><br>Cognitive testing is a crucial element in diagnosing [https://marvelvsdc.faith/wiki/Five_Lessons_You_Can_Learn_From_ADHD_Assessment book adhd assessment uk] in adults. It improves the specificity and reliability of the test battery. It is especially helpful in monitoring treatment responses. Some studies show that combining cognitive testing with ADHD behavior rating scales is more effective than relying solely on one or the other.<br><br>Adults suffering from ADHD often have difficulty understanding the root of their behavior issues. It can be difficult to determine ADHD. Research indicates that some of the symptoms that are most effective in identifying adults with ADHD are those that are connected to memory and concentration.<br><br>Adults with ADHD have a higher prevalence of comorbid conditions than children. Research suggests that comorbidities may influence subjective symptoms. Future studies should look into the effects of medication and comorbid psychological conditions.<br><br>A lot of research has been conducted regarding the reliability and accuracy of behavioral rating scales used to detect [https://blogfreely.net/mathvirgo6/how-the-10-most-disastrous-adhd-uk-assessment-mistakes-of-all-time-could-have adhd assessment liverpool] in adults. One study showed that the DIVA and the BAARS-IV were the most accurate. These instruments are subjective. Researchers recommend to obtain these ratings from experts.<br><br>A structured clinical interview is a fantastic method to determine the severity of adults suffering from ADHD. It not only collects standardized questions , but also includes modules that assess the development of data and symptomatology based on DSM criteria.<br><br>Psychological and neuropsychological testing<br><br>The tests of psychological and neuropsychological testing to assess ADHD in adults are beneficial tools. The tests aid in diagnosing brain disorders and neurological injuries and offer guidance on treatment plans.<br><br>Psychological tests can be used to measure the mental function of a variety of people and behavior. They can also be used to identify developmental disabilities and learning difficulties. These test results can also be compared with the results of people who are similar in age.<br><br>A neuropsychological evaluation is a thorough and standardized test of the brain that evaluates different mental functions, is known as a neuropsychological assessment. This kind of test is typically administered by a professional like psychologists or psychiatrists. The most common tests involve answering questions and doing tasks on a computer.<br><br>Some tests of psychological testing measure intellectual capacities, such as the ability to think and remember and other skills, like attention and multitasking. These types of tests are designed to measure cognitive ability without injury. One may still experience cognitive problems if they have an injury, neurologic issue or any other condition. This could lead to cognitive decline.<br><br>Adult ADHD tests could include tests of attention, memory and language abilities. They are designed to identify differences in mental functioning between healthy individuals and those with disabilities. Typically, ADHD patients are more distracted than healthy adults, especially when working with tasks that require a lot of concentration and abstract problem solving.<br><br>To aid in the diagnosis of ADHD in adults, neuropsychological and psychological tests are commonly used. This is because ADHD symptoms are mostly neurocognitive in the nature. These symptoms include difficulties with short-term memory and the verbal process. It is important to remember that these symptoms are not the fundamental symptoms of the disorder.<br><br>The results of the neuropsychological and psychological tests that measure ADHD in adults can be used in treatment programs and intervention plans. Results are written up in a personal report that includes a description the symptoms along with treatment recommendations and a recommendation for further investigation. The results of the test could be used to screen for other conditions.<br><br>Comprehensive tests for ADHD in adults is done on a one-on-one basis. During the assessment the psychologist who is trained assesses a patient's medical background along with developmental milestones and behaviors. The psychologist also talks with the patient about his or her concerns and makes recommendations for treatment.

Revision as of 21:13, 21 December 2024

Assessing ADHD in Adults

It is crucial to assess people suffering from adhd to make a proper diagnosis. This can be a daunting task. There are many methods to assess adhd, including structured clinical interviews and self-report rating scales. But just because these procedures are common doesn't mean they're easy to implement.

Interview with parent and child

The most important aspect of ADHD evaluations is the parent/child interview. It provides the doctor with important information regarding the phenomenological, ecological and social validity of the child's symptoms. The information provided should be compared with other information to aid in making a correct diagnosis.

The key to an effective interview is to present specific and specific questions. Be careful not to ask too many questions about parents' personal issues. Be cautious not to misinterpret informal observations about the child's behavior.

One of the most important criteria for diagnosing ADHD is its pervasiveness. CHATTI is a reliable indicator of the widespreadness of symptoms. It is a simple but effective method for assessing the symptom scores of teachers.

Another tool that is useful is the questionnaire. The questionnaire is simple to use and has high reliability. However, they could be influenced by rater bias.

Although the parent/child interview is an essential part of the assessment, it can be condemned for its lack reliability. The examination process can cause parents to be unhappy, and for some parents, the interview could be a therapeutic experience.

Clinical evaluation should be performed in conjunction with parent-child interviews. It is important to review all records regarding the child. The clinician can gain insight into the child's mental health profile by reviewing his or her medical and psychoeducational documents.

The reason for the referral is an additional aspect to take into consideration. A referral for an ADHD diagnosis could be prompted by a child's behavioral issues. Stress in the family could be a cause for symptoms of ADHD.

An effective interview should involve an appropriate mix of standard testing and interactions between parents and children. Interviews with children from minority backgrounds should be conducted by an examiner who is committed to the cultural standards.

The most important factor in an interview between a child and parent is the rapport the examiner develops with the parent. The rapport, along with the information collected during the interview can be used to develop an accurate diagnosis.

The interview should be seen as a positive element of a thorough, accurate assessment of the child's emotional social, behavioral, and emotional strengths and weaknesses. An accurate diagnosis will help to determine the child's progress and help determine the best treatment.

Self-report scales for rating

Rating scales are helpful in diagnosing ADHD in adults. They can be utilized by health professionals, parents, caregivers, and many others. There are different types of scales for rating available and can be used to evaluate the different behavioral symptoms related to ADHD.

The Adult Self-Report Scale is a questionnaire that measures ADHD in adults. Its v1.1 version contains 18 questions. Part A questions ask subjects to rate their symptoms and Part B questions inquire about the severity of the symptoms. These two tests have been studied extensively, and there is lots of research about their accuracy.

ASRS has a high degree of concurrent validity. The questions are based upon DSM criteria and are designed to detect CAMHS ADHD assessment UK symptoms. The frequency scores indicate the severity of the effects on the patient's daily life.

Despite the increasing popularity of these test tools however, the relationship between their accuracy and actual use of these tests isn't clear. One study found that only 7% of children who took executive function tests, like the StanfordBinet Scale or the Attention Deficit Disorder Test, showed a positive correlation between their scores and those of the ASRS.

Mixed results have been found in research studies that have examined the relationship between ADHD self-report scales and executive function tests. This could be due in part to the lack of specificity of the tests. The ADHD self-report questionnaire results haven't been proven to be correlated with attentional performance, or other components of the EF.

These tests aren't perfect They aren't perfect, but they can be used to determine the risk of having ADHD. These tests will reveal ADHD when scores are above 60. A question such as "how to get adhd assessment often do you experience problems with your concentration?" is a common answer. You will score well because the answers "Never", "Not Very Often" and "Always," are all negative.

Some rating scales also inquire about other issues, such as depression, which could be related to ADHD. A shorter version of the checklist by the CDC is available.

Structured clinical interview

In establishing a diagnosis for ADHD in adults, a psychotherapy interview is the most commonly used method. This method is employed alongside a variety of other tools. These tools include cognitive testing, behavioral rating scales as well as self-report measurements. Combining these diagnostic tools has been proven to be more accurate than individual tools.

In a medical interview, patients describe their core symptoms in different settings. This allows clinicians to assess the impact of their symptoms on daily life and to determine if the patient is suffering from ADHD. They can also give a more clear picture of the patient's issues with particular ADHD symptoms.

When using ADHD behavior rating scales, it is vital to include people who can confirm the history of the patient. If this is not done, it can result in over-reporting symptoms. Informants could be spouses or employer, as well as other significant adult in the lives of. The best way to incorporate these ratings is to use an averaging technique.

Cognitive testing is a crucial element in diagnosing book adhd assessment uk in adults. It improves the specificity and reliability of the test battery. It is especially helpful in monitoring treatment responses. Some studies show that combining cognitive testing with ADHD behavior rating scales is more effective than relying solely on one or the other.

Adults suffering from ADHD often have difficulty understanding the root of their behavior issues. It can be difficult to determine ADHD. Research indicates that some of the symptoms that are most effective in identifying adults with ADHD are those that are connected to memory and concentration.

Adults with ADHD have a higher prevalence of comorbid conditions than children. Research suggests that comorbidities may influence subjective symptoms. Future studies should look into the effects of medication and comorbid psychological conditions.

A lot of research has been conducted regarding the reliability and accuracy of behavioral rating scales used to detect adhd assessment liverpool in adults. One study showed that the DIVA and the BAARS-IV were the most accurate. These instruments are subjective. Researchers recommend to obtain these ratings from experts.

A structured clinical interview is a fantastic method to determine the severity of adults suffering from ADHD. It not only collects standardized questions , but also includes modules that assess the development of data and symptomatology based on DSM criteria.

Psychological and neuropsychological testing

The tests of psychological and neuropsychological testing to assess ADHD in adults are beneficial tools. The tests aid in diagnosing brain disorders and neurological injuries and offer guidance on treatment plans.

Psychological tests can be used to measure the mental function of a variety of people and behavior. They can also be used to identify developmental disabilities and learning difficulties. These test results can also be compared with the results of people who are similar in age.

A neuropsychological evaluation is a thorough and standardized test of the brain that evaluates different mental functions, is known as a neuropsychological assessment. This kind of test is typically administered by a professional like psychologists or psychiatrists. The most common tests involve answering questions and doing tasks on a computer.

Some tests of psychological testing measure intellectual capacities, such as the ability to think and remember and other skills, like attention and multitasking. These types of tests are designed to measure cognitive ability without injury. One may still experience cognitive problems if they have an injury, neurologic issue or any other condition. This could lead to cognitive decline.

Adult ADHD tests could include tests of attention, memory and language abilities. They are designed to identify differences in mental functioning between healthy individuals and those with disabilities. Typically, ADHD patients are more distracted than healthy adults, especially when working with tasks that require a lot of concentration and abstract problem solving.

To aid in the diagnosis of ADHD in adults, neuropsychological and psychological tests are commonly used. This is because ADHD symptoms are mostly neurocognitive in the nature. These symptoms include difficulties with short-term memory and the verbal process. It is important to remember that these symptoms are not the fundamental symptoms of the disorder.

The results of the neuropsychological and psychological tests that measure ADHD in adults can be used in treatment programs and intervention plans. Results are written up in a personal report that includes a description the symptoms along with treatment recommendations and a recommendation for further investigation. The results of the test could be used to screen for other conditions.

Comprehensive tests for ADHD in adults is done on a one-on-one basis. During the assessment the psychologist who is trained assesses a patient's medical background along with developmental milestones and behaviors. The psychologist also talks with the patient about his or her concerns and makes recommendations for treatment.